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Download Ecology HARDCOPY - New Hartford Central Schools
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Ecology- Ecosystem- An area where living things interact •Ex: Big= Ocean, desert •Small- Puddle, rotten log Study of living things in their environment Community- Name: __________________ Habitat- •Organisms in an ecosystem •Residents •The area an organism lives in •The neighborhood Population- Diversity- •All organisms of the same species. •Ex: all bullfrogs in a pond •The # of species in a community Student#: _______ The environment consists of 2 factors Energy in Ecosystems Biotic Factors- Why do ecosystems need energy? •Energy is a requirement of life. •Living things •Ex: Trees, frogs, turtle Which factor would this dead log be? Abiotic Factors- vs. •Non-living things •Ex: Water, O2, CO2, Temp. Sun= Source of all energy in an ecosystem. Producers•Use Sun’s energy to make food •(Autotrophs) Consumers•Obtain energy by eating other organisms •(Heterotrophs) Decomposers•Break down dead plants & animals •Ex: fungi, bacteria Food Chains- •Show energy transfer in an ecosystem Food Web Terms •Predator- prey relationship 1st level Wheat Mouse 2nd level Herbivore- Plant eater AKA“1st level consumer” 3rd level Snake Carnivore- Meat eater 2nd or 3rd level consumer Eagle Omnivore- Plant & meat eater Producer Consumers Predator- Hunter Prey- Hunted Label the levels of the consumers below: Producer 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Heterotroph- Cannot make food itself Autotroph- Uses the sun to make its food Photosynthesis Food Web •Feeding relationship in an ecosystem •Many connected food chains. Energy Pyramid What happens to energy in an ecosystem? •Shows the population size & energy loss •Only 10% of energy makes it to the next level •Energy is used by each organism (body heat, etc) 90% of energy is lost! Energy Pyramid Food web Label Producer, 1st, 2nd and 3rd level consumers on the pyramid. 1. What happened to the energy in this pyramid? It is lost as you go up the pyramid. 3rd 2nd 2. Where is the energy going? Organisms are using energy from the food for their own life processes. 1st Producer Producers - Consumers - Decomposers Identify each organism as a producer, consumer, or decomposer 1. How are food chains related to food webs? Food webs are made up of many food chains. 1. Rabbit- Consumer 2. Tree- Producer 2. Why is a complex food web better than a simple food chain for the survival of the community? A food web provides more choices for an animal to consume. 3. Fungi- Decomposer What if? 1. What would happen if all the decomposers became extinct? The dead would pile up. 2. What would happen if all the producers became extinct? All other forms of life that depend on them would also die. 1. List the producers and consumers, shown in the food web. a) Producers- Green plants b) ConsumersMice, owls, frogs Species Interaction Symbiosis- Relationship between 2 species •1 organism is injured (host) Parasitism- •1 benefits (parasite) •Ex: Tapeworm- Person, Flea- dog 2. What autotrophs are found in this web? Green plants Mutualism- •Both organisms benefit •Crocodile and bird •Clown fish & sea anemone 3. What heterotrophs are found in this web? Snake, grasshopper, frog 4. List one food chain that is a part of this web. Green plants → mice→ snake Commensalism- •1 benefits; 1 is unaffected •Barnacles living off a whale •Robin in a tree 5. Remove one organism from the web. How many others will be affected? Explain. Interaction with Ecosystems: Niche •What an organism does Habitat •Where an organism lives •When it eats •When it’s active Organisms can share a ________ habitat but they can NOT share _______. niches ex: deer and heron share the same habitat, but they have different niches. Sharing a niche results in ________________. competition Succession Do lakes and forests last forever? Pioneer to Climax Community Ecosystem- All the biotic and abiotic factors in an area Community- All the organisms present in the area Population- All the individuals of one species in an area Succession- The gradual change of an ecosystem Pioneer Community- •The first organisms to establish in an area •Algae, protists, bacteria Climax Community- •Highest stage of development •Stable community Succession Human Impact on the Ecosystem Why do humans have such a large impact on Earth? Ability to alter the environment •________________________________________________ ● All organisms alter their environment ● Humans can do it to a much more significant level. Population growth •______________________________ ● The root cause of most environmental problems. ● Earth’s population is growing exponentially. ● More people = use more energy and resources ● If the Earth’s population exceeds its carrying capacity = Same forest. On the left, forest fire. On right is 1 year after. disease, war, famine Renewable Sources of Energy Resources •Natural Resources •Things that we depend on the Earth for •Renewable •Are replaced over time •Wind, solar energy, hydroelectric, food Hydropower Wind farm •Non-Renewable •Are not replaced over time •Fossil fuels (gas, coal, oil) •Minerals Photovoltaic Panels Nonrenewable Sources of Energy Geothermal How can humans preserve these resources? •Reduce •Use less packaging •walk instead of drive •more efficient appliances Coal mining •Reuse Oil well •Resources more than once •Mugs instead of paper cups •Long lasting products •Recycle Natural gas Coal Crude oil •Turn waste into usable goods •Melt glass to make new glass •Recycled paper Acid Rain Acid Precipitation What is acid? pH scale 5.6 Rain Formation of Acid Rain Consequences •Lakes become acidic •Dead forests and lakes Smog = Smoke + Fog Cause: •Pollution in the air that reacts with sunlight Effects: •Produces toxic gas •Results in respiratory problems Solutions: •Reduce emissions (industry and cars) Beijing without and with smog Ozone depletion Global Warming Ozone layer •Ozone blocks UV radiation •High in atmosphere •CFCs eat a “hole” in the ozone layer Consequences: •More UV= More skin cancer & cataracts Cause: •CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere •Burning fossil fuels •Heat is trapped → Earth warms CO2 increased since the 1850s due Industrial Revolution! to the ______________________. Consequences: •More ice melts, ocean levels rise •Warmer oceans = more energy for storms Ozone hole Antarctica •Habitat changes •Spread of disease Greenhouse Effect CO2 Concentrations Over the Past 400,000 Years © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reduction in Sea Ice (1979-2005) Melting Glaciers (1928-2004) Post-Global Warming Coastline If all the glaciers in the world were to melt we would have a very different coastline.
