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Soil Pollution,Land pollution,Causes,Effects,Cont rol of Soil Pollution!! SOIL POLLUTION The soil contamination with solid waste, acid rain excess of fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides is called soil pollution. LAND POLLUTION Soil pollution is the another form of land pollution.Land pollution in other words, means degradation or destruction of earth surface and soil directly or indirectly as a results of human activities. SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTION The sources of soil and also land pollution are listed below. Industrial wastes Urban solid wastes Excess application of pesticides, fertilizers. Acid rains Radioactive pollutants. CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION 1. Soil or land pollution is a result of many activities and experiment which is done by mankind. 2. Industrial waste such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most important causes of soil pollution and also land pollution. 3. Unfavourable and harmful irrigation practices. 4. Improper septic system and management and also maintenance of the same. 5. Leakages from sanitary sewage 6. Acid rains, when fumes released from industries get mixed with rains. EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION 1. Causes cancers including leukemia. 2. Mercury can increase the risk of kidney damage. 3. It is also causes of headaches, eye irritation and also skin rash. 4. Ground water will affect. 5. Man cannot use for farming. 6. Polluted land cannot be used for the construction of house. 7. The animal kingdom also suffered through this land and soil polution.Constant human activity on land forced these species to move further away and adapted to new region,die trying to adjust. CONTROL OF SOIL 1. POLLUTION Reducing chemicals and fertilizer used. use good agricultural pesticides. 2. Recycling is another way to reduced and control the soil and also the land pollution. Recycling papers, plastics and other materials reduced the volume of refuse in landfills, another common cause of soil pollution. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Remediation of polluted soils. Prevention of erosion and silting. Reusing of materials. Create dumping ground away from residential ground. De-forestation, the cutting down of trees, causes erosion, and the loss of fertility in the topsoil.Planting trees or re-forestation helps prevent soil erosion and pollution. This is the general note on soil and land pollution. Thank you for reading. Water Pollution,Causes.Effects,Mari ne Pollution,Solution of Water Pollution!! WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters of chemical, physical or biological material that degrade the quality of the water and affects the organisms living it. WATER POLLUTANTS There are various classifications of water pollution. The two chief sources of water pollution can be seen as point and non point. 1.POINT POLLUTANTS: point refer to the pollutants that belong to a single source. These are the easiest to identify and control. Factories Sewage system Power plants Underground coalmines Oil wells 2. NON POINT POLLUTANTS: non point on the other hand means pollutants emitted from multiple sources. When rain or snow moves through the ground and picks up pollutants as its moves towards a major body of water.The runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and crop land. Air pollutant getting washed or deposited to earth Strom water drainage from lawns, parking lots and streets. Causes of water pollution Effects of water pollution 1.Water pollution may be 1.toxic rainfall can occur Caused by intentional or where water and /or is in areas Unintentional disposal of polluted with toxic chemicals Hazardous chemicals and materials. or Materials into a water body. 2.Rainfall may cause polluted water can lead to Landscapes to disperse their disease, infections 2. Polluted sickness, Poisonous materials into deformities and even death The water and poison the animal and plants. among Surrounding water. 3.Water pollution may also be 3.once water become polluted Caused by specific points or affect people animal and it can Contributing factors such as directly through consumption either Large factories, oil refineries, indirectly through food or Construction sites, chemical land degradation and sources, Waste, management facilities, abundance of plants the over Dump sites and other large which can cover the Scale operation that store/ of various bodies of Produce large amounts of it undrinkable and Chemicals/hazardous waste. the animals that and algae surface making Affecting Live in that body of water. It not only harms us and the land we live on, the other animals and the oceans ecosystem is also affected by the effect of water pollution. MARINE POLLUTION Due to natural or man made pollution the environment of marine ecosystem becomes polluted. These undesirable changes are called marine pollution. CAUSES OF MARINE POLLUTION: Heat Acidification Industrial waste Decrease of dissolved oxygen Oil Lose of coral reef SOLUTION OF WATER POLLUTION For the prevention of water pollution various techniques are used for control of water pollution. Industrial waste, sewage, thermal pollution and other wastes can be recycled for beneficial use. The various synthetic herbicide and pesticides which are carcinogenic and non degradable must be banned. Aquatic weeds are used to purify domestic and industrial waste water. It maintains the BOD and COD level of water. Artificial coral reef need to implant where it decreasing. There must be some restriction and regulation for oil tankers. It should be checked many times before performance. Waste water containing heavy metal which can be reduced by using some certain bacteria. This is the general idea of water pollution. Thank you for reading. Air pollution,Pollutants,Causes,E ffects and Solution of Air Pollution!! ENVIRONMENT The environment is the sum total of physical and biotic conditions influencing the responses of the organisms.(Kendeigh,1974). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Environmental pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. such as, noise ,heat or light. A formal definition of environmental pollution can be said as unfavourable modification of the environment by human activity. AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is a part of environmental pollution. Air pollution is the contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter(particulates) in concentration that endangered for health. Which causes diseases, death of human, damage to other living organisms or the natural or built environment AIR POLLUTANTS In order to understand division can be made. 1. the causes of air pollution ,several PRIMARY POLLUTANTS it can be caused by primary sources. the pollutants that are a direct result of the process can be called primary pollutants. a classic example of a primary pollutant would be the sulfur dioxide emitted from factories. 2. SECONDARY POLLUTANTS secondary pollutants are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants is known to be as secondary pollutants. The major air pollutants are OUTDOOR POLLUTANTS 1. Carbon monoxide 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Chlorofluorocarbons(CFC) 4. 5. 6. 7. Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Particulate matter Ground level ozone. INDOOR POLLUTANTS There are many sources in indoor 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. air pollution. Tobacco smoke Cooking Heating appliances Vapors from building materials,paints,furniture. Other materials within the home that emit unhealthy chemicals. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION 1. BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS:sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one of the major cause of air pollution. Pollution emitting from vehicles including cause immense amount of pollution. 2. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES: ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. use insecticides ,pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture actives has grown quite a lot. 3. EXHAUST FROM FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIES: manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,organic compounds and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air. 4. MINING OPERATIONS:mining is a process where in minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipment. during the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution 5. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: house hold cleaning products ,painting supplies toxic chemicals in the air and causes air pollution. 6. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER:Suspended particulate matter known as SPM,is another cause of pollution. Referring to the particles a float in the air,SPM is usually caused by dust combustion etc. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION There are some effects of as bellow. 1. air pollution . which are pointed HEALTH PROBLEM: air pollution can cause health problems including burning eyes and nose, breathing problems. some chemicals found in polluted air can causes cancer, birth defects,brain,nerve damage and long term injury to the lungs and breathing passages in certain circumstance. 2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM: air pollution can also damage the environment and property.trees,lakes and animals have been harmed by air pollution.It damage monuments and other structure. buildings, 3. GLOBAL WARMING: global warming-now global warming is a burning problem in the environment. it increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other green house gases in the atmosphere lead to rise in earth’s average temperature. 4. DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER: ozone exist on earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (uv) rays.earthe’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons,hydro-chlorofluorocarbons in the As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problem. uv rays also have the capability to affect crops. 5. ACID RAIN: acid rain comes mainly from sulfur dioxide emitted from power plants and from nitrogen oxides DISCHARGES FROM POWER plant and automobiles. these acids are often carried far before falling as a rain or snow. Acid corrode metals and even erode stone buildings and statues. 6. EUTROFICATION: it is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants get developed in sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affect on fish, plants and other animal SOLUTIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION OUTDOOR SOLUTION 1. Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use . 2. Use low polluting natural gas. 3. Reduce landfills. 4. Rely more on renewable energy (especially, solar cells, wind and solar produced hydrogen) 5. Transfer energy efficiency ,renewable pollution prevention technologies Freedeveloping countries. energy and toPollution INDOOR SOLUTION 1. Distribute efficient Cooke stoves or solar cooker to poor families in developing countries 2. Reduce or ban indoor smoking. 3. Develop simple and cheap tests for indoor pollutants such as,particulates,radon,formaldehyde This is the general idea of air pollution. Thank you for reading. Food Chain and Food Web-Notes on Principle and Types!! Food Chain In every ecosystem , there is a chain of energy. It flows from producer to different level consumers. This chain or system of flowing energy in different trophic level is termed as food chain. In every food chain producers make the food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis then it flows in primary consumers ar herbivours, then secondary and then tertiary consumers. After that this energy get back to environment by decomposers and the chain repeats again and again. Different Trophic Levels 1. Producer These are the green belt of a ecosystem. These can synthesis their own food by using inorganic factors of environment as water, light, minerals etc. They have chlorophyll, where coantosome of thilacoid helps in photosynthesis. E.g- Photosynthetic plant, Chemosynthetic bacteria etc. 2. Consumer These are the animals who cannot make their own food. They feed on producer directly or indirectly. 1. Primary Consumer They direct feed on producers .E.g- Cow , Deer, Goat etc herbivour animals. 1. Secondary Consumer They feed on primary consumers . E.g- Tiger, Lion etc. 1. Tertiary Consumer 2. They feed on both primary and secondary consumers. E.gVulture, Peacock etc. Some Principles of Food Chain 1. The flow of energy is unidirectional. The energy of primary consumer cant able to back to producer directly. 2. One organism can take more than one trophic level. E.gMan can be primary consumer by eating vegetables, leafs and can also be secondary consumer by eating meat. 3. Single ecosystem can have multiple ecosystem at the same time. 4. The energy being decrease with 10% law in every trophic level. Types of Food Chain 1. Grazing Food Chain This food chain starts with green plant and ends with carnivours. These are 2 types. Predator food chain It starts with green plant and end with predator . The size of organism gradually increases. E.g- Grass>Rodent>Snake Parasitic Organism size is high to low in different trophic level. E.g vegetables>nematodes>bacteria. Detritus Food Chain This food chain starts with waste or debris and ends with higher carnivores. E.g dead leaf>earthworm>Hawk Food Web Interlocking pattern of food chain is called food web. A predator from one food chain may be linked to the prey of another food chain. Example 1. A typical food web for a terrestrial ecosystem we can see that, a number of food chains operate which ultimately end either at the tertiary consumer level(lion) or at the secondary consumer level (owl). 1. Another example of an aquatic food web in an aquatic ecosystem is given below. Food Chain And Food Web There are some difference in between food chain and food web. Food Chain 1. A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food. 2. It is a part of food web. 3. Energy flows occurs in one way. Food Web 1. Food web is several food chains connected together. 2. It is an assemblage of food chain. 3. Energy flows through various food chains. Types of Food Web Three different concept of food web has been observed by Paine(1980). 1. Connectedness Food Web: They are also known as topological food web. Such food web emphasises feeding relationships among organisms, portrayed as a links in the web. It depicts only the presence or absence of atrophic interaction. 2. Energy Flow Food Web: it sometimes referred to as flow web or as bioenergetics web. Here connections are quantified by the flux of energy between a resource and consumer. 3. Functional Food Web: Functional food web is also known as interaction food web. That identifies the feeding relationships within the topological food web that are most important to community structure. These three food webs are important of each population in maintaining the integrity of a community. Thank you. Community Ecology,Characteristics ,Structure Composition!! COMMUNITY Individuals of a species together constitute a population is known as community. different places of earth are shared by many coexisting populations such association is called community. DEFINITION The assemblage of population of living organism in particular area or habitat is termed as community. a COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Community ecology is the study of a community in respect to the environment. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITIES A community has the following characteristics. 1.SPECIES DIVERSITY: in an ecosystem ecology each community is composed of taxonomically different species. Species diversity refers to number of different species in community both abundant and rare species. Species diversity has two components. Species richness: it refers different types of species and their numerical strength. Technically it refers to ratio between different species (s) and total number of species (n). Species evenness: it refers to a measure which qualifies as to how even species are in terms of their number. Species diversity can be measured by using various diversity indices. the mathematical expression based on species abundance data. species diversity can be measured separately either as species richness or evenness or diversity as a whole. 2.RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE: for a community to be stable, it requires two components-resilience and resistance. Resilience: resilience is a ability of a community to recover after facing a disturbance or displacement. Resistance: it is the ability to avoid disturbance(any event that alter the structure of a community) or displacement(shifting of the community to some other place) 3. DOMINANCE: usually one community has one or more species which occur in large number. such species are called dominant and the community is often named after them. 4. DIVERSITY: the community consists of different group of plants and animals of different species, may be large or small, may belong to one life form or another but are essentially growing in a uniform environment. 5. PERIODICITY: this includes study of various life processes (respiration, growth, reproduction etc.) In the various seasons of the year in the dominant species in the community. The recurrence of these important life processes at regular intervals in a year and their manifestation in nature is called periodicity. 6. STRATIFICATION: natural forest communities possess a number of layers or stores related to the high of plant. for example ,tall trees, smaller trees, shrubs and herbaceous layers from different strata. this phenomenon in a plant community is called stratification. 7. ECOTONE AND EDGE EFFECT: Ecotone: each community has spatial limits or boundaries. the boundaries between communities may be very sharp. such as, boundaries between a forest and a lake or the boundary may be less sharp ,e.g., boundary between two types of forest or a forest and a grassland community. often there is some transitional area in between two communities that is known as ecotone. Where species of both adjacent communities are found. Ecotone is a marginal zone and easily recognizable. Edge effect: usually in one ecotone the variety of one species is larger than in any of the adjacent communities. a phenomenon of increased variety and intensity of plants at the common junction is called edge effect and essentially due to wider range of suitable environmental conditions. 8. ECOLOGICAL NICHE: different species of animals and plants fulfill different functions in the ecosystem ecology. the role of each is spoken of as its ecological niche. that is the role that a species plays in its ecosystem. The total range of its interaction with other species of its environment is known as ecological niche. We can also say that ecological niche is a small habitat within a habitat ,in which only a single species can survive. E.P.Odum ha differentiated habitat and ecological niche by saying that the habitat is an organism’s address and the ecological niche is its profession. 9. KEYSTONE SPECIES: in an ecological community, there are some little players and some big players. the biggest players of all are referred to as keystone species. Keystone species is first coined by by Paine in 1966. A keystone species may be defined as one whose presence or absence, decrease or increase in abundance, strongly affects other species in the community. Paine through his classic experiments showed that predators and herbivores can manipulate relationships among species at lower trophic level s and thereby, control the structure of the community. such predator species are called keystone species or keystone predator. 10.INTERSPECIFIC ASSOCIATION: species interact with way. Such as: competition, commensalisms etc. various predation,parasitism,mutualisms, Competition: species can compete with each other for finite resources. it is considered to be an important limiting factor of population size, biomass and species richness. Direct competition has been observed between individuals, population and species. Example-a lion chasing a hyena from a kill, or a plant releasing allelopathic chemicals to impede the growth of a competing species. Predation: predation is hunting another species for food. there is a positive negative interaction. Some predators kill their prey before eating them(e.g., a hawk killing a mouse),herbivores feed on plants(e.g., a cow grazing) Predation may effect the population size of predators and prey and the number of species coexisting in a community. Mutualism: mutualism is an interaction between species in which both are benefited. Example-rhizobium bacteria growing in nodules on the roots of legumes and insects pollinating the flower of angiosperms. Commensalism: commensalism is a type of relationship among organisms benefits while the other organism is nither benefited nor hermed.the organism that benefited is called the commensalism. While the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed is called host. Example-an epiphytic orchid attached to the tree for support neither benefits the tree for support benefits the orchid but neither harms nor benefits the tree. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITIONS Structure of a community can be studied by determining the density, frequency, and abundance of species. each community has its own structure and composition. Such as ,the community of a rain forest in silent valley will be different from that of the rain forest of Arunachal Pradesh. Some plants needs better soil moisture and some may grow in dry stony areas. In aquatic bodies ,particularly lakes and ponds ,three different type of zones differentiated on the basis of light availability and depth of water are very common such as littoral zone,limnetic zone and profundal zone .each of these zone s support distinct community. THIS IS THE GENERAL NOTES ON COMMUNITY ECOLOGY.FOR OUR REGULAR UPDATE S PLEASE FOLLOW US ON FACEBOOK,G+, TWITTER AND OTHER. Thank You. Population Ecology-J Curve, S curve and Age Distribution !! POPULATION A group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time. POPULATION ECOLOGY Population ecology is a study of populations in relation to the environment. It deals with the factors that influence the population’s size, growth, density, distribution, age structure and many other features. DENSITY AND DISPERSION DENSITY: IS the number of individuals per unit area or volume. DISPERSION: is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population. POPULATION SIZE Population size depends on a balance between NATALITY=Birth Rate (b) MORTALITY=Death Rate (d) If birth rate (b)>death rate (d) —- r is (+); population is increasing in size. If (b) < (d) —–r is (-); population is shrinking. If (b) = (d) —–r is (0); population size is constant. Besides natality and mortality, population size also depends on the movement of individuals between population s (migration) IMMIGRATION RATE (i)=movement of individuals into a population EMIGRATION RATE (e)=movement of individuals out of a population. FACTORS THAT AFFECT FUTURE POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH Two factors influence the dynamics of a population BIOTIC POTENTIAL: Promotes positive growth intrinsic factors(litter size, gestation period) ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE: Limits growth extrinsic factors(weather, food supply etc. ) PATTERNS OF POPULATION GROWTH 1. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH: Exponential population growth is population increase under idealized condition Under this condition the rate of reproduction is at its maximum, called the intrinsic rate of increase. The equation of exponential growth is J-shaped curve of exponential population growth is a characteristics of some population that are rebounding. Exponential growth can not be sustained for long in any population. A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating carrying capacity Carrying capacity (k) is the maximum population size the environment can support. LOGISTIC GROWTH: 2. In the logistic population growth model the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached. The logistic growth equation includes k,the carrying capacity What limits population size around carrying capacity? 1. DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS: Competition(habitat space, food resource, mates) Disease Predation 2. DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS: Weather condition Catastrophes Natural disasters SURVIVORSHIP CURVES 1. A survivorship curve traces the decline of a group of new borns over time. 2. Survivorship curve plot the probability of surviving to a certain age for a representative member of the population. TYPES OF SURVIVORSHIP CURVES 1. TYPE I; CONVEX CURVE: Most individuals live to adulthood with most mortality occurring during old age.(i.e., humans red deer, elephants) 2. TYPE II; STRAIGHT LINE: An individual’s chance of dying is independent of its age (i.e., small birds, mammals) 3. TYPE III; CONCAVE CURVE: Few individuals lives to adulthood, with the chance of dying decreasing with age.(i.e., oysters, red wood trees, snapping turtles) AGE DISTRIBUTION 1. The age distribution of a population is the portion of individuals at different ages. 2. It has a significant impact on future population growth. 3. Population that have remained constant for a long time have stable age distribution, which reflect an individual’s chance of living a given amount of time. 4. Rapidly growing populations will have disproportionate number of young individuals. POPULATION PYRAMIDS A population pyramid is also called an age pyramid or age picture diagram. It is a graphical illustration that shows the age distribution of various age groups in a population. TYPES OF POPULATION AGE PYRAMIDS Population age pyramid has mainly four types. 1. STABLE PYRAMID: a population pyramid showing unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality. an 2. STATIONARY PYRAMID: a population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality. 3. EXPANSIVE PYRAMID: a population pyramid that is very wide at the base, indicating high birth and death rates. 4. CONSTRICTIVE PYRAMID: a population pyramid that comes in at the bottom. the population is generally older on average, as the country has long life expectancy a low death rate, but also a low birth rate. THIS IS THE GENERAL IDEA OF POPULATION ECOLOGY. If you want our reguler updates, please follow us on facebook , G+, tweeter and others. Share this post to your friends. Thank You. Ecological SuccessionDefinition,Types of Ecological Succession ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION : Ecosystems are constantly changing due to natural and human disturbances. This is a big ecological problem for ecological succession. Example: 1. Natural Disturbance(such as: forest fire) 2. Human Disturbance(such as:clearing a agriculture) forest for DEFINITION OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION : Ecological succession is the series of changes in an ecosystem when one community is replaced by another community as a result of changes in biotic and abiotic factors. It can regenerate a damaged community It can create a community in a previously unhabitated area Succession occurs in all types of ecosystem (Forest, ponds, corals reefs, etc) It may takes hundreds or thousands of years. SERI AND SERAL COMMUNITY TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION : Ecological succession IS mainly of two types: 1. Primary succession. 2. Secondary succession. 1. Primary succession: The process of creating and developing an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited sides (volcanoes ,sides of glacier recession) 1. Occurs in areas with no soil 2. It is a very slow process 3. The process of primary succession starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens and mosses. that do not need soil to survive. Pioneer species Pioneer species is the first organisms of primary succession to live in a previously uninhabited area. The pioneer species help create soil by breaking down the rock particles into smaller and smaller pieces. As lichens and mosses dies, they decompose and add small amounts of nutrients to the rock particles, creating soil. 4. During the early stage of succession there are not many habitats, so not many organisms are found in environment. 5. Ones there is enough soil and nutrients, small plants such as flowers, ferns, grasses grow, which helps in primary plant succession. These plants help to further break down the rocks and add nutrients to the soil when they die and decompose. 6. Due to the primary plant succession it helps to create habitats of small animals like insects and small mammals. 7. Over time, as animals die and decompose ,their bodies add nutrients to the soil allowing larger plant species to populate the area ,larger animals follow the larger plants. Eventually, a mature community is formed and this mature community is called Climax Community. (Climax community is a community that is able to maintain itself for long periods of time with few changes in the species that populate it) 2. Secondary Succession : Secondary succession is the process of repairing a damaged ecosystem. It occurs when community is destroyed, altered but soil is still there (Such as: natural disasters, human activities, death of organisms) 1. Its typically a much faster process than primary succession, because there is already soil present. 2. It is a never ending process 3. Any disturbance in ecosystem result in secondary succession starting over. 4. If an ecosystem is frequently disturbed it will not be able to support large trees and animals so it will consist of the animals typical of the early stages of succession. 5. Very similar to primary succession but does not require soil forming pioneer species. This is short note about ecological succession. If you want to get various biology notes , follow us. Thank You. EcosystemMeaning,Definition,Component of Ecosystem !! What is Ecosystem ? Etymology – Eco- the environment, system- interaction Meaning of Ecosystem? In general ecosystem is an environmental system where biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) components interact to each other as a result energy flow happen. Definition According Eugene P. Odum (1983) : Any unit (a bio-system) that includes all the organism and function together (the biotic community)in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined biotic structure and cycling of material between living and non living part in an ecological system or ecosystem. Components Ecosystem of Ecosystem /Factors of There are two main factors or components present in a ecosystem. They are 1. Abiotic factor or Abiotic component 2. Biotic factor or Biotic Component 1.Abiotic component or Abiotic Factors Abiotic components comprises of all non living factors as light, soil, temperature etc. It also includes inorganic substances (e.g. – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus etc ). Organic compounds (carbohydrate, protein, lipid ) helps to link up organic and inorganic compounds. 2. Biotic Components or Biotic Factors Biotic components are the living organisms of the environment. Basically it create the trophic structure of any ecosystem. On the basis of nutritional point of view these are of 2 types. 1. Autotrophic These are the green plants, photosynthetic bacteria, chemosynthetic microbes etc. They fix light and inorganic components and make their own food by photosynthesis. It creates the base of food pyramid on any kind of food chain. These are called producers and it creates the green belt on ecosystem. 2. Heterotrophic These are the organisms who depends upon autotrophs and create the brown belt of the ecosystem. Heterotrophs are generally 2 types. They are Macro-consumer & Microconsumer. Macro-consumers are of few types Primary consumer, secondary consumer & tertiary consumers. Micro-consumers are the decomposers as fungi, algae, bacteria etc . They help to decompose the organic compounds to inorganic substance. Each and every member of a ecosystem is valuable. Each has their particular role. Thank you for reading. Ecology-The Basic Concept of Ecology !! MEANING OF ECOLOGY Ecology, the word are known as : comes Oikos=Home, Logos=Knowledge from two Greek words, which FATHER OF ECOLOGY The word”Ecology” first describe as a separate field of knowledge in 1866 by the German Zoologist Ernst Haeckel. Therefore; he is known as a Father Of Ecology. DEFINITION The relationship of an animal to both its living and non living organisms or environment is known as Ecology. Ecology has been variously defined by other investigators as “scientific natural history”,“ the study of biotic communities”,“the science of the community population”. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism or environmental science. Ecology is Biology. closely related with Ethology,Evolutionary SCOPE OF ECOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Population growth Competition between species Symbiotic ecological relationship Trophic (feeding) ecological relationship Origin of biological diversity Interaction with the phisical environment TYPES OF ECOLOGY Ecology has some types.which are: 1. Organism(physiological and behavioral ecology) 2. Population Ecology 3. Community Ecology 4. Ecosystem Ecology 5. Global ecology BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY Ecology is divided mainly in two branches, which are……. Autecology The branch of ecology that studies about the relationship of an organisms to its environment. Syncecology The branch of ecology that studies about the relationship of various group of organisms to their common environment. Ecology has also some other branches, depends on environmental situation, habitat, taxonomy.which are: (I) Habitat ecology its A. Marine ecology 1. Fresh water ecology 2. Deep sea ecology B. Terrestrial ecology (II) Conservation ecology (III) Ecosystem ecology (IV) Production ecology (V) System ecology (VI) Human ecology (VII) Space ecology (VIII)Radiation ecology (IX) Taxonomic ecology This is the basic concept of ecology . The types of ecology , branches of ecology are mentioned. If you want to receive our future posts , follow us . Thank you What is Biology ? Basic Branches of Biology ! WHAT IS BIOLOGY ? Biology is closely related to our daily life. it helps us to understand our life and also teaches us to spend our life in a better way. FATHER OF BIOLOGY Greek philosopher Aristotle initiated the study of biology as a branch of science, hence he is known as “Father of Biology” The word “biology” was first coined by naturalist Lamarck from France. MEANING OF BIOLOGY The terms “biology” derived from the Greek word: Bio=Life Logy= The Study Of DEFINITION OF BIOLOGY Biological Science is the study about life and which takes us: Into a variety of environments to investigate ecosystem To the laboratory to examine how organism work Into the microscopic world to explore cells and the sub microscopic to explore molecules in cells. Back in time to investigate the history of life BRANCHES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE mainly biology has two branches. 1. ZOOLOGY—It includes the study of animal (in Greek Zoon means Animal) 2. BOTANY—It includes the study of plants.(in Greek Botane means Plant) BASIC BRANCHES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE In biology we study plants, animals, microorganism from different aspects; therefore biology has some other basic branches. 1. Taxonomy 2. Morphology 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Anatomy Histology Cell biology Microbiology Molecular biology Physiology Embryology 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Genetics Ornithology Entomology Parasitology Mycology Evolution Environmental biology Palaeontology Space biology Radiation biology APPLIED BRANCHES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE It is the another branches of biology which gain knowledge from the basic branches of biology for the welfare of human race.it includes the following branches which prepare us with ability to manipulate and control our living and non living surrounding. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Medical science Veterinary and animal husbandry Agriculture Dairy industry Food technology Pisciculture and fishery Poultry Apiculture Sericulture Lac industry 11. Pearl industry 12. Prawn industry 13. Forestry and forest management There are more branches in biology; therefore the scope of biology is immense. Thank you for reading.