Download Soil Pollution,Land pollution,Causes,Effects,Control of Soil Pollution

Soil
Pollution,Land
pollution,Causes,Effects,Cont
rol of Soil Pollution!!
SOIL POLLUTION
The soil contamination with solid waste, acid rain excess of
fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides is called soil
pollution.
LAND POLLUTION
Soil pollution is the another form of land pollution.Land
pollution in other words, means degradation or destruction of
earth surface and soil directly or indirectly as a results of
human activities.
SOURCES OF SOIL
POLLUTION
The sources of soil and also land pollution are listed below.
Industrial wastes
Urban solid wastes
Excess application of pesticides, fertilizers.
Acid rains
Radioactive pollutants.
CAUSES OF SOIL
POLLUTION
1. Soil or land pollution is a result of many activities
and experiment which is done by mankind.
2. Industrial waste such as harmful gases and chemicals,
agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides
are the most important causes of soil pollution and also
land pollution.
3.
Unfavourable
and harmful irrigation practices.
4. Improper septic system and management
and
also
maintenance of the same.
5. Leakages from sanitary sewage
6. Acid rains, when fumes released from industries get
mixed with rains.
EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION
1. Causes cancers including leukemia.
2. Mercury can increase the risk of kidney damage.
3.
It is also causes of headaches, eye irritation and also
skin rash.
4. Ground water will affect.
5. Man cannot use for farming.
6. Polluted land cannot be used for the construction of
house.
7. The animal kingdom also suffered through this land and
soil polution.Constant human activity on land forced
these species to move further away and adapted to new
region,die trying to adjust.
CONTROL OF SOIL
1.
POLLUTION
Reducing chemicals and
fertilizer used. use good agricultural pesticides.
2. Recycling is another way to reduced and control the soil
and also the land pollution. Recycling papers, plastics
and other materials reduced the volume of refuse in
landfills, another common cause of soil pollution.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Remediation of polluted soils.
Prevention of erosion and silting.
Reusing of materials.
Create dumping ground away from residential ground.
De-forestation, the cutting down of trees, causes
erosion, and the loss of fertility in the
topsoil.Planting trees or re-forestation helps prevent
soil erosion and pollution.
This is the general note on soil and land pollution.
Thank you for reading.
Water
Pollution,Causes.Effects,Mari
ne
Pollution,Solution
of
Water Pollution!!
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the introduction into fresh or ocean waters
of chemical, physical or biological material that degrade the
quality of the water and affects the organisms living it.
WATER POLLUTANTS
There are various classifications of water pollution. The two
chief sources of water pollution can be seen as point and non
point.
1.POINT POLLUTANTS: point refer to the pollutants that
belong to a single source. These are the easiest to identify
and control.
Factories
Sewage system
Power plants
Underground coalmines
Oil wells
2. NON POINT POLLUTANTS: non point on the other hand means
pollutants emitted from multiple
sources.
When rain or snow moves through the ground and picks up
pollutants as its moves towards a major body of
water.The runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and
crop land.
Air pollutant getting washed or deposited to earth
Strom water drainage from lawns, parking lots and
streets.
Causes of water pollution
Effects of water pollution
1.Water pollution may be
1.toxic rainfall can occur
Caused by intentional or
where water and /or is
in
areas
Unintentional disposal of
polluted with toxic chemicals
Hazardous chemicals and
materials.
or
Materials into a water body.
2.Rainfall may cause polluted
water can lead to
Landscapes to disperse their
disease, infections
2. Polluted
sickness,
Poisonous materials into
deformities and even death
The water and poison the
animal and plants.
among
Surrounding water.
3.Water pollution may also be
3.once
water become polluted
Caused by specific points or
affect people animal and
it can
Contributing factors such as
directly through consumption
either
Large factories, oil refineries,
indirectly through food
or
Construction sites, chemical
land degradation and
sources,
Waste, management facilities,
abundance of plants
the over
Dump sites and other large
which can cover the
Scale operation that store/
of various bodies of
Produce large amounts of
it undrinkable and
Chemicals/hazardous waste.
the animals that
and algae
surface
making
Affecting
Live in that body of water.
It not only harms us and the land we live on, the other
animals and the oceans ecosystem is also affected by the
effect of water pollution.
MARINE POLLUTION
Due to natural or man made pollution the environment of marine
ecosystem becomes polluted. These undesirable changes are
called marine pollution.
CAUSES OF MARINE POLLUTION:
Heat
Acidification
Industrial waste
Decrease of dissolved oxygen
Oil
Lose of coral reef
SOLUTION OF WATER POLLUTION
For the prevention of water pollution various techniques are
used for control of water pollution.
Industrial waste, sewage, thermal pollution and other
wastes can be recycled for beneficial use.
The various synthetic herbicide and pesticides which are
carcinogenic and non degradable must be banned.
Aquatic weeds are used to purify domestic and industrial
waste water. It maintains the BOD and COD level of
water.
Artificial coral reef need to implant where it
decreasing.
There must be some restriction and regulation for oil
tankers. It should be checked many times before
performance.
Waste water containing heavy metal which can be reduced
by using some certain bacteria.
This is the general idea of water pollution.
Thank you for reading.
Air
pollution,Pollutants,Causes,E
ffects and Solution of Air
Pollution!!
ENVIRONMENT
The environment is the sum total of physical and biotic
conditions
influencing
the
responses
of
the
organisms.(Kendeigh,1974).
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Environmental pollution is the introduction of contaminants
into the natural environment that causes adverse change. such
as, noise ,heat or light.
A formal definition of environmental pollution can be said
as unfavourable modification of the environment by human
activity.
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is a part of environmental pollution.
Air pollution is the contamination of the air by noxious
gases
and minute particles
of solid
and liquid
matter(particulates) in concentration that endangered
for
health. Which causes diseases, death of human, damage to other
living organisms or the natural or built environment
AIR POLLUTANTS
In order to understand
division can be made.
1.
the causes of air pollution ,several
PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
it can be caused by primary sources. the pollutants that
are a direct result of the process can be called primary
pollutants. a classic example of a primary pollutant
would be the sulfur dioxide emitted from factories.
2.
SECONDARY POLLUTANTS
secondary pollutants are the ones that are caused by the
inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Smog
created by the interactions of several primary
pollutants is known to be as secondary pollutants.
The major air pollutants are
OUTDOOR
POLLUTANTS
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Chlorofluorocarbons(CFC)
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Particulate matter
Ground level ozone.
INDOOR POLLUTANTS
There are many sources in indoor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
air pollution.
Tobacco smoke
Cooking
Heating appliances
Vapors from building materials,paints,furniture.
Other materials within the home that emit unhealthy
chemicals.
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
1. BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS:sulfur dioxide emitted from the
combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and
other factory combustibles is one of the major cause of
air pollution. Pollution emitting from vehicles
including cause immense amount of pollution.
2. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES: ammonia is a very common by
product from agriculture related activities and is one
of most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. use
insecticides ,pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture
actives has grown quite a lot.
3.
EXHAUST FROM FACTORIES
AND INDUSTRIES: manufacturing industries release large
amount of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,organic compounds
and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality
of air.
4. MINING OPERATIONS:mining is a process where in minerals
below the earth are extracted using large equipment.
during the process dust and chemicals are released in
the air causing massive air pollution
5. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: house hold cleaning products
,painting supplies toxic chemicals in the air and causes
air pollution.
6. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER:Suspended particulate
matter
known as SPM,is another cause of pollution.
Referring to the particles a float in the air,SPM is
usually caused by dust combustion etc.
EFFECTS
OF AIR POLLUTION
There are some effects of
as bellow.
1.
air pollution . which are pointed
HEALTH PROBLEM: air pollution can
cause health problems including burning eyes and nose,
breathing problems. some chemicals found in polluted air
can causes cancer, birth defects,brain,nerve damage and
long term injury to the lungs and breathing passages in
certain circumstance.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM: air pollution can also damage the
environment and property.trees,lakes and animals have
been harmed by air pollution.It damage
monuments and other structure.
buildings,
3. GLOBAL WARMING: global warming-now global warming is a
burning problem in the environment. it increased
concentration of carbon dioxide and other green house
gases in the atmosphere lead to rise in earth’s average
temperature.
4. DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER: ozone exist on earth’s
stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans
from harmful ultraviolet (uv) rays.earthe’s ozone layer
is
depleting
due
to
the
presence
of
chlorofluorocarbons,hydro-chlorofluorocarbons in the As
ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back
on earth and can cause skin and eye related problem. uv
rays also have the capability to affect crops.
5. ACID RAIN: acid rain comes mainly from sulfur dioxide
emitted from power plants and from nitrogen oxides
DISCHARGES FROM POWER plant and automobiles. these acids
are often carried far before falling as a rain or snow.
Acid corrode metals and even erode stone buildings and
statues.
6. EUTROFICATION: it is a condition where high amount of
nitrogen present in some pollutants get developed in
sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and adversely
affect on fish, plants and other animal
SOLUTIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION
OUTDOOR SOLUTION
1. Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use .
2. Use low polluting natural gas.
3. Reduce landfills.
4. Rely more on renewable energy (especially, solar cells,
wind and solar produced hydrogen)
5. Transfer energy efficiency ,renewable
pollution
prevention technologies
Freedeveloping countries.
energy
and
toPollution
INDOOR SOLUTION
1. Distribute efficient Cooke stoves or solar cooker to
poor families in developing countries
2. Reduce or ban indoor smoking.
3. Develop simple and cheap tests for indoor pollutants
such
as,particulates,radon,formaldehyde
This is the general idea of
air pollution.
Thank you for reading.
Food Chain and Food Web-Notes
on Principle and Types!!
Food Chain
In every ecosystem , there is a
chain of energy. It flows from
producer to different level
consumers. This chain or system of
flowing energy in different trophic
level is termed as food chain. In
every food chain producers make the
food
by
photosynthesis
or
chemosynthesis then it flows in
primary consumers ar herbivours, then secondary and then
tertiary consumers. After that this energy
get back to
environment by decomposers and the chain repeats again and
again.
Different Trophic Levels
1.
Producer
These are the green belt of a ecosystem. These can synthesis
their own food by using inorganic factors of environment as
water, light, minerals etc. They have chlorophyll, where
coantosome of thilacoid helps in photosynthesis.
E.g- Photosynthetic plant, Chemosynthetic bacteria etc.
2.
Consumer
These are the animals who cannot make their own food. They
feed on producer directly or indirectly.
1. Primary Consumer
They direct feed on producers .E.g- Cow , Deer, Goat etc
herbivour animals.
1. Secondary Consumer
They feed on primary consumers . E.g- Tiger, Lion etc.
1. Tertiary Consumer
2. They feed on both primary and secondary consumers. E.gVulture, Peacock etc.
Some Principles of Food Chain
1. The flow of energy is unidirectional. The energy of
primary consumer cant able to back to producer directly.
2. One organism can take more than one trophic level. E.gMan can be primary consumer by eating vegetables, leafs
and can also be secondary consumer by eating meat.
3. Single ecosystem can have multiple ecosystem at the
same time.
4. The energy being decrease with 10% law in every trophic
level.
Types of Food Chain
1.
Grazing Food Chain
This food chain starts with green plant and ends with
carnivours.
These are 2 types.
Predator food chain
It starts with green plant and end with predator . The size
of organism gradually increases. E.g- Grass>Rodent>Snake
Parasitic
Organism size is high to low in different trophic level.
E.g
vegetables>nematodes>bacteria.
Detritus Food Chain
This food chain starts with waste or debris and ends with
higher carnivores.
E.g
dead leaf>earthworm>Hawk
Food Web
Interlocking pattern of food chain is called
food web.
A predator from one food chain may be linked to the prey of
another food chain.
Example
1. A typical food web for a terrestrial ecosystem we can
see that, a number of food chains operate which
ultimately end either at the tertiary consumer
level(lion) or at the secondary consumer level (owl).
1. Another example of an aquatic food web in an aquatic
ecosystem is given below.
Food Chain And Food Web
There are some difference in between food chain and food web.
Food Chain
1. A food chain only follows just one path as animals find
food.
2. It is a part of food web.
3. Energy flows occurs in one way.
Food Web
1. Food web is several food chains connected together.
2. It is an assemblage of food chain.
3. Energy flows through various food chains.
Types of Food Web
Three different concept of food web has been observed by
Paine(1980).
1. Connectedness Food Web: They are also known as
topological food web. Such food web emphasises feeding
relationships among organisms, portrayed as a links in
the web. It depicts only the presence or absence of
atrophic interaction.
2. Energy Flow Food Web: it sometimes referred to as flow
web or as bioenergetics web. Here connections are
quantified by the flux of energy between a resource and
consumer.
3. Functional Food Web: Functional food web is also known
as interaction food web. That identifies the feeding
relationships within the topological food web that are
most important to community structure.
These three food webs are important of each population in
maintaining the integrity of a community.
Thank you.
Community
Ecology,Characteristics
,Structure Composition!!
COMMUNITY
Individuals of a species together constitute a population is
known as community. different places of earth are shared by
many coexisting populations such association is called
community.
DEFINITION
The assemblage of population of living organism in
particular area or habitat is termed as community.
a
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Community ecology is the study of a community in respect to
the environment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITIES
A community has the following characteristics.
1.SPECIES DIVERSITY: in an ecosystem ecology each community
is composed of taxonomically different species. Species
diversity refers to number of different species in community
both abundant and rare species. Species diversity has two
components.
Species richness: it refers different types of species
and their numerical strength. Technically it refers to
ratio between different species (s) and total number of
species (n).
Species evenness: it refers to a measure which qualifies
as to how even species are in terms of their number.
Species diversity can be measured by using various diversity
indices. the mathematical
expression based on species
abundance data. species diversity can be measured separately
either as species richness or evenness or diversity as a
whole.
2.RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE: for a community to be stable, it
requires two components-resilience and resistance.
Resilience: resilience is a ability of a community to
recover after facing a disturbance or displacement.
Resistance: it is the ability to avoid disturbance(any
event that alter the structure of a community) or
displacement(shifting of the community to some other
place)
3. DOMINANCE: usually one community has one or more species
which occur in large number. such species are called
dominant and the community is often named after them.
4. DIVERSITY: the community consists of different group of
plants and animals of different species, may be large or
small, may belong to one life form or another but are
essentially growing in a uniform environment.
5. PERIODICITY: this includes study of various life
processes (respiration, growth, reproduction etc.) In
the various seasons of the year in the dominant species
in the community. The recurrence of these important life
processes at regular intervals in a year and their
manifestation in nature is called periodicity.
6. STRATIFICATION: natural forest communities possess a
number of layers or stores related to the high of plant.
for example ,tall trees, smaller trees, shrubs and
herbaceous layers from different strata. this phenomenon
in a plant community is called stratification.
7. ECOTONE AND EDGE EFFECT:
Ecotone: each community
has spatial limits or boundaries. the boundaries between
communities may be very sharp. such as, boundaries
between a forest and a lake or the boundary may be less
sharp ,e.g., boundary between two types of forest or a
forest and a grassland community. often there is some
transitional area in between two communities that is
known as ecotone. Where species of both adjacent
communities are found. Ecotone is
a marginal zone and easily recognizable.
Edge effect: usually in
one ecotone the variety of one species is larger than in
any of the adjacent communities. a phenomenon of
increased variety and intensity of plants at the common
junction is called edge effect and essentially due to
wider range of suitable environmental conditions.
8. ECOLOGICAL NICHE: different species of animals and
plants fulfill different functions in the ecosystem
ecology. the role of each is spoken of as its ecological
niche. that is the role that a species plays in its
ecosystem. The total range of its interaction with other
species of its environment is known as ecological niche.
We can also say that ecological niche is a small habitat
within a habitat ,in which only a single species can survive.
E.P.Odum ha differentiated habitat and ecological niche by
saying that the habitat is an organism’s
address and the
ecological niche is its profession.
9.
KEYSTONE SPECIES: in an
ecological community, there are some little players and
some big players. the biggest players of all are
referred to as keystone species. Keystone species is
first coined by by Paine in 1966.
A keystone species may be defined as one whose presence or
absence, decrease or increase in abundance, strongly affects
other species in the community.
Paine through his classic experiments showed that predators
and herbivores can manipulate relationships among species at
lower trophic level s and thereby, control the structure of
the community. such predator species are called keystone
species or keystone predator.
10.INTERSPECIFIC ASSOCIATION: species interact with
way.
Such as: competition,
commensalisms etc.
various
predation,parasitism,mutualisms,
Competition: species can compete with each other for
finite resources. it is considered to be an important
limiting factor of population size, biomass and species
richness. Direct competition has been observed between
individuals, population and species.
Example-a lion chasing a hyena from a kill, or a plant
releasing allelopathic chemicals to impede the growth of a
competing species.
Predation: predation is hunting another species for
food. there is a positive negative interaction.
Some predators kill their prey before eating them(e.g., a hawk
killing a mouse),herbivores feed on plants(e.g., a cow
grazing)
Predation may effect
the population size of predators and
prey and the number of species coexisting in a
community.
Mutualism: mutualism is an interaction between species
in which both are benefited. Example-rhizobium bacteria
growing in nodules on the roots of legumes and insects
pollinating
the
flower
of
angiosperms.
Commensalism: commensalism is a type of relationship
among organisms benefits while the other organism is
nither benefited nor hermed.the organism that benefited
is called the commensalism.
While the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed
is called host.
Example-an epiphytic orchid attached
to the tree for support neither
benefits the tree for
support benefits the orchid but
neither harms nor benefits the tree.
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITIONS
Structure of a community can be studied by determining the
density, frequency, and abundance of species. each community
has its own structure and composition.
Such as ,the community of a rain forest in silent valley will
be different from that of
the rain forest of Arunachal
Pradesh.
Some plants needs better soil moisture and some may grow in
dry stony areas.
In
aquatic bodies ,particularly lakes and ponds ,three
different type of zones differentiated on the basis of light
availability and depth of water are very common such as
littoral
zone,limnetic zone and profundal zone .each of these zone s
support distinct community.
THIS IS THE GENERAL NOTES ON COMMUNITY ECOLOGY.FOR OUR
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Population Ecology-J Curve, S
curve and Age Distribution !!
POPULATION
A group of organisms of the same species occupying a
particular space at a particular time.
POPULATION ECOLOGY
Population ecology is a study of populations in relation to
the environment.
It deals with the factors that influence the population’s
size, growth, density, distribution, age structure and many
other features.
DENSITY AND DISPERSION
DENSITY: IS the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
DISPERSION: is the pattern of spacing among individuals within
the boundaries of the population.
POPULATION SIZE
Population size depends on a balance between
NATALITY=Birth Rate (b)
MORTALITY=Death Rate (d)
If birth rate (b)>death rate (d) —- r is (+); population is
increasing in size.
If (b) < (d) —–r is (-); population is shrinking.
If (b) = (d) —–r is (0); population size is constant.
Besides natality and mortality, population size also depends
on the movement of individuals between population s
(migration)
IMMIGRATION RATE (i)=movement of individuals into a
population
EMIGRATION RATE (e)=movement of individuals out of a
population.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT FUTURE POPULATION
GROWTH
POPULATION GROWTH
Two factors influence the dynamics of a population
BIOTIC POTENTIAL:
Promotes positive growth
intrinsic factors(litter size, gestation period)
ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE:
Limits growth
extrinsic factors(weather, food supply etc. )
PATTERNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
1.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH:
Exponential population
growth is population increase
under idealized condition
Under this condition the rate of reproduction is at its
maximum, called the intrinsic rate of increase.
The equation of exponential growth is
J-shaped curve of exponential population growth is a
characteristics of some population that are rebounding.
Exponential growth can not be sustained for long in any
population.
A more realistic population model limits growth by
incorporating carrying capacity
Carrying capacity (k) is the maximum population size the
environment can support.
LOGISTIC GROWTH:
2.
In the logistic population growth model the per capita
rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is
reached.
The logistic growth equation includes k,the carrying
capacity
What
limits
population
size around carrying capacity?
1. DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS:
Competition(habitat space, food resource, mates)
Disease
Predation
2. DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS:
Weather condition
Catastrophes
Natural disasters
SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
1. A survivorship curve traces the decline of a group of
new borns over time.
2. Survivorship curve plot the probability of surviving to
a certain age for a representative member of the
population.
TYPES OF SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
1. TYPE I; CONVEX CURVE: Most individuals live to adulthood
with most mortality occurring during old age.(i.e.,
humans red deer, elephants)
2. TYPE II; STRAIGHT LINE: An individual’s chance of dying
is independent of its age (i.e., small birds, mammals)
3. TYPE III; CONCAVE CURVE: Few individuals lives to
adulthood, with the chance of dying decreasing with
age.(i.e., oysters, red wood trees, snapping turtles)
AGE DISTRIBUTION
1. The age distribution of a population is the portion of
individuals at different ages.
2. It has a significant impact on future population growth.
3. Population that have remained constant for a long time
have stable age distribution, which reflect an
individual’s chance of living a given amount of time.
4. Rapidly growing populations will have disproportionate
number of young individuals.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
A population pyramid is also called an age pyramid or age
picture diagram.
It is a graphical illustration that shows the age distribution
of various age groups in a population.
TYPES OF POPULATION AGE PYRAMIDS
Population age pyramid has mainly four types.
1. STABLE PYRAMID: a population pyramid showing
unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.
an
2. STATIONARY PYRAMID: a population pyramid typical of
countries with low fertility and low mortality.
3. EXPANSIVE PYRAMID: a population pyramid that is very
wide at the base, indicating high birth and death rates.
4. CONSTRICTIVE PYRAMID: a population pyramid that comes in
at the bottom. the population is generally older on
average, as the country has long life expectancy a low
death rate, but also a low birth rate.
THIS IS THE GENERAL IDEA OF POPULATION ECOLOGY. If you want
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Ecological
SuccessionDefinition,Types
of
Ecological Succession
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION :
Ecosystems are constantly changing due to natural and human
disturbances. This is a big ecological problem for ecological
succession.
Example:
1. Natural Disturbance(such as: forest fire)
2. Human Disturbance(such as:clearing a
agriculture)
forest
for
DEFINITION OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION :
Ecological succession is the series of changes in an ecosystem
when one community is replaced by another community as a
result of changes in biotic and abiotic factors.
It can regenerate a damaged community
It can create a community in a previously unhabitated
area
Succession occurs in all types of ecosystem
(Forest, ponds, corals reefs, etc)
It may takes hundreds or thousands of years.
SERI AND SERAL COMMUNITY
TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION :
Ecological succession IS mainly of two types:
1.
Primary succession.
2.
Secondary succession.
1. Primary succession:
The process of creating and developing an ecosystem in an
area that was previously uninhabited sides (volcanoes ,sides
of glacier recession)
1. Occurs in areas with no soil
2. It is a very slow process
3. The process of primary succession starts with the
arrival of living things such as lichens and mosses.
that do not need soil to survive.
Pioneer species
Pioneer species is the first organisms of
primary
succession to live in a previously uninhabited area.
The pioneer species help create soil by breaking down
the rock particles into smaller and smaller pieces.
As lichens and mosses dies, they decompose and add small
amounts of nutrients to the rock particles, creating
soil.
4. During the early stage of succession there are not many
habitats, so not many organisms are found in
environment.
5. Ones there is enough soil and nutrients, small plants
such as flowers, ferns, grasses grow, which helps in
primary plant succession. These plants help to further
break down the rocks and add nutrients to the soil when
they die and decompose.
6. Due to the primary plant succession it helps to create
habitats of small animals like insects and small
mammals.
7. Over time, as animals die and decompose ,their bodies
add nutrients
to the soil allowing
larger plant
species to populate the area ,larger animals follow
the larger plants.
Eventually, a mature community is formed and this mature
community is called Climax Community.
(Climax community is a community that is able to maintain
itself for long periods of time with few changes in the
species that populate it)
2. Secondary Succession :
Secondary succession is the process of repairing a damaged
ecosystem. It occurs when community is destroyed, altered but
soil is still there
(Such as: natural disasters, human activities, death of
organisms)
1. Its typically a much faster process than primary
succession, because there is already soil present.
2. It is a never ending process
3. Any disturbance in ecosystem result in secondary
succession starting over.
4. If an ecosystem is frequently disturbed it will not be
able to support large trees and animals so it will
consist of the animals typical of the early stages of
succession.
5. Very similar to primary succession but does not require
soil forming pioneer species.
This is short note about ecological succession. If you want to
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EcosystemMeaning,Definition,Component
of Ecosystem !!
What is Ecosystem ?
Etymology – Eco- the environment, system- interaction
Meaning
of Ecosystem?
In general ecosystem is an environmental system where biotic
(living) and abiotic (non living) components interact to each
other as a result energy flow happen.
Definition
According Eugene P. Odum (1983) :
Any unit (a bio-system) that
includes all the organism and
function together (the biotic
community)in
a
given
area
interacting with the physical
environment so that a flow of
energy leads to clearly defined biotic structure and cycling
of material between living and non living part in an
ecological system or ecosystem.
Components
Ecosystem
of
Ecosystem
/Factors
of
There are two main factors or components present in a
ecosystem. They are
1. Abiotic factor or Abiotic component
2. Biotic factor or Biotic Component
1.Abiotic component or Abiotic Factors
Abiotic components comprises of all non living factors as
light, soil, temperature etc. It also includes inorganic
substances (e.g. – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur,
phosphorus etc ). Organic compounds (carbohydrate, protein,
lipid ) helps to link up organic and inorganic compounds.
2. Biotic Components or Biotic Factors
Biotic components are the living organisms of the environment.
Basically it create the trophic structure of any ecosystem. On
the basis of nutritional point of view these are of 2 types.
1.
Autotrophic
These are the green plants, photosynthetic bacteria,
chemosynthetic microbes etc. They fix light and inorganic
components and make their own food by photosynthesis. It
creates the base of food pyramid on any kind of food chain.
These are called producers and it creates the green belt on
ecosystem.
2.
Heterotrophic
These are the organisms who depends
upon autotrophs and create the
brown belt of the ecosystem.
Heterotrophs are generally 2 types.
They are Macro-consumer & Microconsumer. Macro-consumers are of
few types Primary consumer,
secondary consumer & tertiary
consumers. Micro-consumers are the
decomposers as fungi, algae, bacteria etc . They help to
decompose the organic compounds to inorganic substance.
Each and every member of a ecosystem is valuable. Each has
their particular role.
Thank you for reading.
Ecology-The Basic Concept of
Ecology !!
MEANING OF ECOLOGY
Ecology, the word
are known as :
comes
Oikos=Home, Logos=Knowledge
from
two
Greek
words,
which
FATHER OF ECOLOGY
The word”Ecology” first describe as a separate field of
knowledge in 1866
by the German Zoologist Ernst Haeckel.
Therefore; he is known as a Father Of Ecology.
DEFINITION
The relationship of an animal to both its living and non
living organisms or environment is known as Ecology.
Ecology has been variously defined by other investigators as
“scientific natural
history”,“ the study of biotic
communities”,“the science of the community population”.
Ecology is not synonymous with
environment, environmentalism or
environmental science.
Ecology is
Biology.
closely
related
with
Ethology,Evolutionary
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Population growth
Competition between species
Symbiotic ecological relationship
Trophic (feeding) ecological relationship
Origin of biological diversity
Interaction with the phisical environment
TYPES OF ECOLOGY
Ecology has some types.which are:
1. Organism(physiological and behavioral ecology)
2. Population Ecology
3. Community Ecology
4. Ecosystem Ecology
5. Global ecology
BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY
Ecology
is
divided mainly
in
two
branches, which are…….
Autecology
The branch of ecology that studies about the relationship of
an organisms to its environment.
Syncecology
The branch of ecology that studies about the relationship of
various group of organisms to their common environment.
Ecology
has also some other branches, depends on
environmental situation, habitat, taxonomy.which are:
(I) Habitat ecology
its
A. Marine ecology
1. Fresh water ecology
2. Deep sea ecology
B. Terrestrial ecology
(II) Conservation ecology
(III) Ecosystem ecology
(IV) Production ecology
(V) System ecology
(VI) Human ecology
(VII) Space ecology
(VIII)Radiation ecology
(IX) Taxonomic ecology
This is the basic concept of ecology . The types of ecology ,
branches of ecology are mentioned. If you want to receive our
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What
is
Biology
?
Basic
Branches of Biology !
WHAT IS BIOLOGY ?
Biology is closely related to our daily life. it helps us to
understand our life and also teaches us to spend our life in a
better way.
FATHER OF BIOLOGY
Greek philosopher Aristotle initiated the study of biology as
a branch of science, hence he is known as “Father of Biology”
The word “biology” was first coined by naturalist Lamarck from
France.
MEANING OF BIOLOGY
The terms “biology” derived from the Greek word:
Bio=Life
Logy= The Study Of
DEFINITION OF BIOLOGY
Biological Science is the study about life
and which takes us:
Into a variety of environments to investigate ecosystem
To the laboratory to examine how organism work
Into the microscopic world to explore cells and the sub
microscopic to explore molecules in cells.
Back in time to investigate the history of life
BRANCHES
OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
mainly biology has two branches.
1. ZOOLOGY—It includes the study of animal (in Greek Zoon
means Animal)
2. BOTANY—It includes the study of plants.(in Greek Botane
means Plant)
BASIC BRANCHES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
In biology we study plants, animals, microorganism from
different aspects; therefore biology has some other basic
branches.
1. Taxonomy
2. Morphology
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Anatomy
Histology
Cell biology
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Physiology
Embryology
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Genetics
Ornithology
Entomology
Parasitology
Mycology
Evolution
Environmental biology
Palaeontology
Space biology
Radiation biology
APPLIED BRANCHES OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
It is the another branches of biology which gain knowledge
from the basic branches of biology for the welfare of human
race.it includes the following branches which prepare us with
ability to manipulate and control our living and non living
surrounding.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Medical science
Veterinary and animal husbandry
Agriculture
Dairy industry
Food technology
Pisciculture and fishery
Poultry
Apiculture
Sericulture
Lac industry
11. Pearl industry
12. Prawn industry
13. Forestry and forest management
There are more branches in biology; therefore the scope of
biology is immense.
Thank you for reading.