Download Impact and Response Scenarios for Coastal Flooding in Barbados and

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IMPACT AND RESPONSE SCENARIOS FOR
COASTAL FLOODING IN BARBADOS AND
GUYANA
FORTHE
ENHANCEMENT OF NATIONAL DISASTER
ORGANIZATIONS FLOOD HAZARD
PREPAREDNESS PLANNING
OF THE
CARIBBEAN DISASTER EMERGENCY
RESPONSE AGENCY
Prepared by Rawleston Moore
January 2003
Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean RPIU
Lazaretto Complex
Black Rock
St. Michael
Barbados
Tel: (246) 417-4580-3
Fax:(246)417-0461
Email: moorera\vlestonff/).caribsurf.com
Technical Report 5C/ACCC-03-01-1
Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
Published by Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Belmopan, Belize
Digital Edition (December 2013)
No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose
whatsoever. It may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided
acknowledgement of the source is made. The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
(CCCCC) would appreciate a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source.
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Ring Road, P.O. Box 563, Belmopan, Belize
Visit our website at http://www.caribbeanclimate.bz
ISBN-978-976-8236-95-1 (pdf)
1.0
Introduction
As a component of the Enhancing Disaster Preparedness in the Caribbean, which **
being funded by the Disaster Preparedness Programme of the European Commission
(ECHO) the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA) has retained
the services of the CARICOM Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean project
to develop/flood assessment methodology for coastal flooding which is to be shared
with the National Disaster Organizations.
Through the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change project a
methodology for performing vulnerability assessments for possible impacts to climate
change has been established. The methodology utilises a screening assessment phase
// which is a simple)^ rapid assessment of the implications of changes in sea level, and
// an initial identification of future data requirements and needs. The second and third
Y^h
phases of the methodology involve^fe firstly,the selection of scenarios with regards
to climate change and/the detailed impact analysis based on the outputs of the
screening assessment. The final phase involves a comprehensive analysis of potential
adaptation options. Further details on the methodology for coastal vulnerability
assessment can be found in the Flood Assessment Methodology for Coastal Flooding
which was prepared for the Enhancement of National Disaster Organization Flood
Hazard Preparedness Planning Project.
n-
-
/iMLp *z-t>^—€_-
Coastal flooding has always been of aritical importance in the countries of the
Caribbean, given that the majority of cntical infrastructure such as hospitals, hotels,
schools and power generating facilities/ In addition in many case the coastal zone and
regions are often very heavily populated. The purpose of this document is to
demonstrate the application of the coastal vulnerability risk assessment methodology,
and highlight the outputs which have arisen as a consequence of application of the
methodology.
The methodology was applied in pilot sites in the two countries
Barbados and Guyana, to obtain an initial understanding of the probable impacts of
coastal flooding due to sea level rise, and get some insight into the possible scenarios
which could occur with coastal flooding.
2.0
Impacts and Scenarios for Barbados
2.1
Screening Assessment for Barbados
The screening assessment for Barbados highlighted erosion and inundation as key
impact concerns as a result of sea level rise, with the tourism sector. Table 1 below
shows the screening assessment matrix for Barbados. From the screening assessment
process, the following criteria were utilized to aid in pilot site selection:
1. Topography (gradient & elevation)
2. Population Density (population at risk & population affected)
3. Proximity to Critical Infrastructure (roads, hospitals, power plants, water
supply, ports etc)
4. Historic, Scientific and Technical Data Availability
5.
Coastal Protection Costs
6. Proximity to Critical Ecosystems/Habitats
X\0*::'-ll
7. Proximity to Urban Settlement Nodes
8. Relevance/Importance to Physical Development Planning Process/Land Use
Designation
9. Existing Human Resource/Institutional Capacity
10. Erosion/Accretion Rates
11. Flood Potential (runoff & marine inundation)
12. Crustal Emergence/Subsidence Geomorphologic Characteristics
13. Economic Data
14. Availability Spatial Area of Coverage
15. Near shore Bathymetry
16. Wave Climate/Oceanographic Conditions
17. Socio-cultural/ArchaeoIogical Significance
Table 1 Screening Assessment Matrix for Barbados>. (Chakalall et al 1998)
Socio-economic Impacts
Biophysical
Impact
Tourism
Human
Settlement
Agriculture
Water
Fisheries
Supply
Financial
Services
Health
Erosion
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
Inundation
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
Salinization
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1 = Major Impact; 2 = Significant Impact; 3 = Minor Impact with 1>2>3
Assessing and applying the cj2feN£ above criteria in a preliminary assessment, the
following locations were identified for Barbados for further study for vulnerability
assessment:
1 The South Coast- Hastings, Rockley, and Worthing-Dover-Maxwell area
2 The West Coast- Speightstown, Holetown, Spring Garden
3 The East Coast- Belleplaine, and Cattlewash.
For the purpose of this report the analysis will focus on the areas of Speightstown and
will only discuss issues pertaining to sea level rise and coastal flooding
2.2 CScenario Selection ^t-ry'
W
fc*. ^o-Ke*.
The scenarios utilised for the vulnerability assessment for Barbados were 0.2m sea
level rise (sir) by 2020, 0.5m sir by 2050 and lm sir by 2100. These scenarios which
were utilised were consistent with the second assessment report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1995)
2.3
4
Human
Impact Analysis
JV&k ^
^~jJ~^
For Speightstown erosion and flooding analysis <5ccurjrjed utilizing the Bruun Rule.
Due to a lack of data the calculations did make provision for tectonic uplift, and
because of a lackHoeach profile data only one profile was used for the analysis. Table
2 below shows/the potential land loss at the various locations utilizing Bruun Rule
analysis (see Rowe 2001, Moore 2002).
Table 2 Potential Land Loss Scenarios for Speightstown
Land Loss (m)
Land Loss (m)
Location
0.2m
Speightstown
Sea
Level
0.5m
Rise
Rise
1.13
2.70
Sea
Land Loss (m)
Level
lm Sea Level Rise
6.50
The preliminary results clearly show that there will be significant negative impactp%,
in terms of land loss at the pilot site of Speightstown. Further analysis was performed
at these sites based on the outputs of the 1994 Delcan Water levels report which gave
estimations for coastal flooding during a hurricane event, utilising an average return
period of 100 year. Areas of flooding were re-examined with the addition of the sea
level rise scenarios. Analysis showed that flooding could occur up to 300m inland in
the area of Speightstown. Figure 1 below given an indication of the flooding area and
zones in Speightstown with the relative scenarios of sea level rise
♦
Figure 1Speightstown
+
KEY
#
Alnond Beach
Villas?
Fish Market
SPEIGHTSTOWN
CPACC
C6 -
CBMJNL VUUCBOiajTY ANS RISK
Almond Beach Village to
Speightstown
btta"l"°,m,MM"
"'"""
•
^~u^.(-<
2.31
Speightstown
The population of the area within the impacted flood zone is 2027 according to the
1990 census. The Speightstown Fish market provides a focal point for important
socio economic activities; however within the city area residential activity is one of
the dominant land uses. Table 2 below shows the land use in the potential flood zone
in Speightstown and current property value (see Atherley 2001, Moore 2002). Figure
2 shows the various land uses in Speightstown
Table 2 Land Use in Speightstown
Total m2
Land Use Class
Church
9638
Commercial
55,236
Derelict
1433
Fishing
Open Space -Recreational
1200
Vacant
Other
1477
School
Tourism
3,635,000
36,415,200
168,800
725,000
181,000
11,502,600
41,713,400
3,860,600
91,310,400
6,448,100
600,000
7060
71,068
117,804
18,514
123,040
53,979
Public
Residential
Value BDS$
196,560,900
Total
The current property value (in 2000) in Speightstown area averages $427 per m2.
Estimations utilising a very conservative compound interest rate of 2.5% per year
show the property values in the Speightstown flood zone area rising from $196
million in 2000, to $322million, in 2020, $675 million in 2050 and $2.3 billion in
2100. (see table 3 below).
Table 3 Potential Changes in Property Values 2000-2100 (adapted from Atherley2001)
Speightstown
Area (acres)
Length of shoreline
Site value
Property value
2000
2020
2050
2100
(2.5%
(2.5%
(2.5%
compounded)
compounded)
compounded)
114.26
114.26
114.26
114.26
2100m
2100m
2100m
2100m
89,290,300 $
146,312,554 $
306,900,469 $
1,054,850,277
196,560,900 $
322,087,922 $
675,601,183 $
2,322,114,718
One form of estimation of direct economic contribution to Government relates to the
payment of land taxes. Typically for commercial properties, this rate is 0.8% of the
assessed improved value or site value (whichever is higher), and 0.2% for residential
property. Based on the above, it is estimated that the property owners in the zone of
potential impact are due to pay land tax of around $1.5 million into the Treasury
annually. Commercial and tourism properties are due to contribute $1 million in land
taxes. Currently, given the relatively low amount of space dedicated to commercial
activity, the direct contribution of these activities may be regarded as small. With
respect to sales generation, the Speightstown Development Plan used the Caribbean
Development Bank study on the economic impact of tourism which suggested that in
Barbados, on average, property taxes are 1% of the sales volume for a typical retail
store.
Figure 2 Land Uses in Speightstown
While this ratio will in practice fluctuate, the results suggest that in Speightstown,
commercial properties (on the low-end) in the zone of potential impact would
generate at least $28 million in sales. When added to the sales volume generated
annually by the Hotel at Almond Beach (2000 sales volume was $30 million), it may
be concluded that the commercial and tourism properties within the zone of impact
have a potential to earn at least $58 million in sales annually. As land use activity
distribution changes into more commercial and tourism activities, the importance of
Speightstown to the overall economic and social welfare of Barbados will also change.
Thus along with over 2000 people at risk, there is the possibility of approximately
$60,million in revenue being at risk due to sea level rise. Critical infrastructure at risk
includes the Speightstown Fisheries Market Area, the Alexandra School and various
private residences which are in the area.
3.0
Adaptation Options
In Barbados only 10 out of the 37 existing statutes dealing with environmental, land
use and building issues have been enacted after 1992. Of these post-1992 legislation
6 are environmental in scope, and the remaining 4 address land use matters. At the
same time, the majority of the pre-1992 environmental, land use and building laws
were enacted in the early 1970s. Considering 1992 as the watershed for the creation
of modern environmental laws therefore, then^the majority of existing environmental
laws in Barbados are not modern.
Climate change will result in coastal erosion, flooding and salinization. In order to
deal with these issues effectively there may be a need to amend much of the
legislation in the following way:
a) The strengthening of the content of legislation and the promotion of effective
enforcement measures. The Prevention of Floods Act is one example of
legislation in need of content strengthening. The Act is more focused on
mitigation than on prevention. There is a need for stronger preventative
measures and the express requirement for the preparation of flood
management plans as well as provision for flood plain mapping.
b) Enforcement measures in several pieces of legislation are inadequate. For
example, the penalties for committing an offence under the Trees
(Preservation) Act are a fine of $1000 or imprisonment for a term of 6 months
or both. The penalties contained in some pre-1972 legislation must be
amended to provide a realistic deterrent in modern day society.
c) Provision for the selective relocation of critical services. The legislation
governing the issues of flooding and coastal erosion both lack provisions to
facilitate the selective relocation of critical services. This omission could be
addressed by an amendment to the individual pieces of legislation or such a
provision may be housed in a Disaster Management Act.
While some of the necessary changes to the environmental legislation may be
accommodated by amending the current legislation, in other instances new legislation
is necessary. It may be necessary for example to have a specific Climate Change Act
to deal specifically with climate change issues. Climate Change issues could also be
incorporated in a disaster management act or through a comprehensive Environmental
Management Act. The building code in Barbados may also need to be strengthened
and be incorporated into the legislative framework (Oderson 2001)
*"
u^JDl^hile it is clear there may be a need for a more comprehensive study of the
U> ^3et/yp:M-:S,i0physical impacts of sea level rise at Speightstown. Already during the Coastal
^A^^^C Conservation Pre Investment Programme (1991-95) a beach nourishment project has
occurred at a cost of BDS$ 210,600 over a seven week period. Further studies will be
needed to determine whether further beach nourishment is required, or whether other
beach protection options such as/gryones, or submerged breakwaters are required.
Further public awareness rrtay'be in needed in the area of Speightstown. Surveys in
the area of Speightstown highlighted the need for further public education. In
addition the majority of businesses in the area felt that government should be the main
responsible agency for response to sea level rise. There is a strong call for
collaboration, information and education such that businesses and residents can play
useful roles to deal with the threat of sea level rise.
4.0
Impacts and Scenarios for Guyana
4.1
Screening Assessment for Guyana
The screening assessment of Guyana highlighted agriculture and human settlement as
the key concerns. Agriculture is critical as it is the dominant economic activity on the
coast, while 90% of the population, administrative, transportation and communication
facilities are concentrated on the narrow coastal strip. Inundation and erosion are
also of key concern given that many areas in Guyana are below sea level. The
screening assessment of Guyana is below in table 4.
The following criteria was also used to aid in the selection of pilot sites for study in
Guyana:
1.
Economic Base
2.
Economic Loss
3. Population Density
4. Housing
5.
Administration Facilities
6.
Sea Defenses
7. Drainage System
8. Data Availability
9. Utility Services
Data availability was also considered as access to data in Guyana is difficult either
because it is not readily accessible, sorted, catalogued and in some cases not
adequately classified for safe keeping. Further, much valuable original data has
apparently been lost or severely damaged.
Table 4 Screening Assessment of Guyana (Diaram et al 1999)
BIOPHYSICAL
IMPACTS OF
SEA LEVEL RISE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC Sectors
AGRICULTURE
TOURISM
WATER
FISHERIES
RESOURCES
HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS
INUNDATION
Major impact.
Major impact. Loss
Medium impact.
Inundation will
of national
Inundation will
cause destruction
devastate
Major impact. 90
% of housing and
population is
landmarks,
agriculture, a
concentrated in this
administration
lead to infiltration
of saline water into
dominant
region, and hence
will be severely
affected by
permanent and
more frequent
buildings,
transportation and
pipelines and
of landing sites and
cooperative
buildings.
Nursery areas
communication
aquifers. This is an
important source of
drinking water and
Inundation will
economic activity
on the coast.
inundation events.
lines.
Inundation will
also result in losses
contamination of
water for
located in
mangrove swamps
will be damaged
and fishing
grounds will be
of beaches.
agriculture.
Major impact.
Medium impact
Materials used for
Medium impact.
Impact on coastal
Salinization is
Salinization is
building houses
ecosystems.
likely to occur
further upstream of
likely to affect
rivers.
aquaculture
Minor impact since
pipelines are
Minor impact.
ecosystems
Beach loss.
covered about 1m
shifted.
SALLNIZATION
Major impact since
most plants would
be unable to
survive under such
unfavorable soil
conditions.
EROSION
Major impact.
Medium impact.
will rot at an
accelerated rate
Medium impact.
Foundation upon
which houses are
built can become
weak due to rise in
Impact on coastal
freshwater
below ground
level.
water levels.
Three pilot sites were selected for consideration, Leguan, Georgetown and
Onverwagt. A description of the pilot sites occurs below:
(i) Leguan - This is the largest island found in the Essequibo River. It is a
predominantly rural island with the main form of economic activity being small-scale
paddy cultivation. The average size of a paddy field on this island is five (5) acres.
Around the island, mangrove vegetation, mainly Rhizophora mangle and the
associated flora are the dominant vegetation types. Associated with the coast on the
western side of the island are small patches of beaches, thus making for the somewhat
limited existence of a beach ecosystem.
(ii) Georgetown - Georgetown is the capital of Guyana and has a population of
approximately 200, 000. It is situated on the right bank of the Demerara River. Most
historical buildings reflecting the unique 18th and 19th century architecture are found
in this city. Further, the major administrative facilities, economic activities, hotels
and shopping centres are located here. The seawall protects the coastal area in
Georgetown. There has not been much vegetation growth along this area. In front of
this structure is a beach system with typical beach vegetation, especially mangroves.
(iii) Onverwagt - Like Leguan, Onverwagt is a predominantly paddy cultivating rural
community, where one of the country's best known, and potentially one of its largest
drainage and irrigation scheme, is located, upon completion it is expected to service in
excess of 45,000acres of mainly farmlands stretching from the Mahaica River in to
the Berbice River
For the purpose of this analysis the focus will be on Georgetown
4.2 Scenario Selection
The scenarios utilised for the vulnerability assessment for Barbados were 0.2m sea
level rise (sir) by 2020, 0.5m sir by 2050 and 0.9m sir by 2100. These scenarios
which were utilised were consistent with the second assessment report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1995)
4.3 Impact Analysis
The Bruun rule has been used to estimate beach retreat for specified locations in
Guyana. Based on data extracted from the beach profiles for Georgetown the
analyses show that shoreline retreat will be as follows in table 5
Table 5 Shoreline Retreat for Georgetown Guyana
Range of Shoreline Retreat (m.)
Sea Level Rise (in.)
0.2
10-30
0.5
50-80
0.9
90-150
As a result of the flat nature of the Guyana Coast, the shoreline retreat computed
above may not necessarily be from the present shoreline, but can be further inland,
depending on the degree of inundation. In those locations where concrete sea defense
structures presently exist, undermining of the foundation of these structures will be
the major effect. This will result in considerable weakening and eventual collapse of
the structures. For those areas protected by mangroves, earth embankments and sand
banks, damages may be even greater in terms of destruction of mangroves and
vegetation and consequent erosion (Moore 2001)
Coastal flooding as a result of sea level rise for Guyana under the scenarios
considered will affect the entire fabric of Guyanese society - population, agriculture,
industry and infrastructure. Flooding will cause, the disruption of population centres
and the movement of people will be inevitable, as increasing occurrences of
inundation will result in destabilization of infra-structural works, including buildings,
roads, bridges, dams. With the high tide level already above land level, further rises in
sea levels will only aggravate an already dire situation. Greater demands will be made
on the drainage systems, especially for the capital city, Georgetown. These systems
are already under stress and any further demands on them may lead to their complete
failure (Moore 2001)
Figure 3 below highlights the pilot areas for the Guyana
coastal vulnerability assessment and the area to be affected by a one metre ride in sea
level
10
+o -||*
Figure 3 Impact areas in Guyana with a one metre sea level rise
Flooding Analysis
Reasons for Flooding
CPACC Pilot Sites
Survey Details:
Area:
No person* interviewed
Ov/vfwagt 32
Georgetown 254
Leguan
110
GUYANA
0
5
1 i i i
10
i I i
20
Kawnewn
I Qwtvagt
• Gcagotvn
A
: Ugun
I'I
s
P
a
1^
Disclaimer
Area* likely to be affected by
1m sea level rise was derived
from USGS GTOPO30 dalaset
iie. DEM) with a resolution ol
1 km horizontally and 1 m
vertically.
CPACC Pilot Srtos data are
accurate at a scale of 1 50.000,
all other datasets are accurate
at a scale ofi. 1.000.000 with
the exception ol the DEM
mentioned above
Over ninety percent (90%) of land in Georgetown is used for residential purposes,
while the rest is used for institutional/administrative, social and commercial purposes,
state owned enterprises, private businesses and security entities. Georgetown has a
population of approximately 200,000. The median monthly household income was
$25,500 (US $ 141.67). A socioeconomic survey (conducted between February March 2000), revealed that ninety-seven percent (97%) of the respondents in the city
had attained at least primary education and 54 percent secondary education. This high
educational attainment may be correlated with the greater prevalence of institutions of
higher learning in and around Georgetown. It would appear therefore that sea level
rise is likely to affect entire households, more so the working age. If this becomes a
reality, it may provide the impetus for development projects to be undertaken further
inland and or may result in greater migrants out of Guyana (Moore 2001).
In Central Georgetown, a Survey revealed that approximately 40 percent of
respondents were in a landlord/tenant arrangement, while thirty-nine percent (39%)
were living in their own property. Within the city, the cost of a two bedroom house
can range from G$3m (US$16,666) to G$8m (US44, 444). These high acquisition
costs make owning a property very difficult. Further, within the city, forty-seven
percent (47%) of the respondents valued their properties at between G$2-5m
(US$11,111-27, 777); while fifteen percent (15%) valued between G$6-10m
(US$33,333-55,555), that gives an estimated cost of between G$ 300m-600m
(US$1.67-3.34m) of properties likely to be affected by sea level rise (Moore 2001)
Z-Add*DW+AMT4Dr*rI-||*%^ (TA<-U4 (TA<-U4®t-||*®4-||*ii^A^®#4*B*M4^^«#fi*
4.4 Adaptation Options
For Guyana given the large size of the country adaptation options to sea level rise
should comprise a mixture of protection of the coastline and retreat where appropriate.
From the vulnerability assessment of Guyana it is clear that there is still considerable
more work which needs to be done in terms of collection and analysis of data.
Considerable public awareness work needs to be done so that communities and
businesses understand effectively the implications of global climate change and sea
level rise. Bynoe (2000) noted that the governmental capacity to deal with climate
related issues needs to be strengthened. Surveys have indicated that there was limited
awareness by local communities of their vulnerability to the effects of global warming
For Guyana the issue of adaptation should be linked to the sustainable development
process. Part of the overall adaptation strategy should involve incorporating sea level
rise and climate change into the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan of Guyana.
The environmental impact assessment process should also consider combining issues
of sea level rise and adaptation planning as part of the overall impact assessment
process. The building codes could also be adapted for the anticipated changes of
climate change and sea level rise. It is recommended however that for adaptation
purposes Guyana utilise a short term, medium term and long term strategy to cope
with sea level rise. Policy options such as effective actions through coastal zone
management and sustainable development policies should be pursued. In the medium
term, adaptation to sea level rise in the coastal zone of Guyana may involve the
further fortifying of sea defences and the introduction of legislation relating to setback
limits so as to reduce the vulnerability of the peoples and structures. In the long term
however, Guyana may have to choose between further fortifications of sea defences
or a more drastic population policy whereby peoples and infrastructures will be
moved inland, where even at 40 km the land is at 22.6 m above mean sea level.
Guyana's population is relatively small and land space in the hinterland is abundant,
although soils are mainly sandy. Therefore, land use planning will prove very crucial,
especially since there will be the need to identify any possible fertile lands further
inland (Moore 2001).
5.0
Future Vulnerability Work
While the initial impacts documented for the pilot areas outlined in this report give an
indication of the probable impacts of sea level rise there still remains considerable
work to be done, given the short time frame in which these assessments were
conducted.
In general there is a need for more comprehensive data analysis and capacity building
as it relates to vulnerability assessment. In the Caribbean there is often a general lack
of comprehensive oceanographic data (tidal, waves and currents) which will limit the
effectiveness of future vulnerability analysis. This constraint must be addressed in
the future and comprehensive data collection must be part of all future vulnerability
analysis in the region.
12
There is a need in the region to improve the number of trained professionals who can
be involved in vulnerability assessments. In the Caribbean there is a lack of coastal
engineers and coastal planners which can be involved in vulnerability assessments.
Another consideration for countries in the region is to begin the construction of
inventory of coastal structures to aid in vulnerability analysis and overall coastal
hazard analysis. This is a simple activity which can provide considerable information
in detailing what resources would be at risk with coastal flooding and sea level rise.
Future vulnerability assessments in the region should thus aim to obtain a
comprehensive data base so that effective analysis can occur on the macro and micro
level to provide suitable adaptation options for implementation.
13
References
Atherley, K (2001); Socio-Economic Assessment of Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise in
Barbados-Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change
Bynoe, Paulette and Bynoe, Mark. 1999. 'Final Report on a Socio- Economic
Assessment of the Vulnerability of Guyana's Coast to Sea Level Rise' Report
prepared for CPACC
Chakalall Y, Rowe A., Moore R, (1999); Screening Assessments of the Biophysical
and Socioeconomic Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Island ofBarbados. Caribbean
Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change
Diaram (ed) (1999) Screening Assessments ofthe Biophysicaland Socioeconomic
Impacts ofSea Level Rise on Guyana Caribbean Planning for Adaptationto Climate
Change
Delcan (1994); Water LevelsReportfor Barbados- Feasibility Study on Coastal
Conservation for Barbados
IPCC (1995) Second Assessment Report- Climate Change 1995 (see www.ipcc.clf)
Moore (ed) (2002) , Barbados's Coastal Vulnerability and Risk Assessment,
Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change
Moore (ed) (2002), Guyana's Initial Coastal Vulnerability RiskAssessmentCaribbean
Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change
Oderson (2000) AnAssessment of the Adequacy ofthe Legal Framework to Cope with
the Potential Effects of Sea Level Rise in Barbados. Caribbean Planning for
Adaptation to Climate Change
Rowe A (2001); Report on the Potential Impacts ofSea Level Rise onthe Coastline of
Barbados. Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change
14