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Gateway Topics Practice 2013 HOW TO USE THIS HANDOUT Please go to the following website: http://trackstar.4teachers.org/trackstar/ Under find a track enter the following in view track #448766 Then click on Go Click on the view in frames tab at the bottom to begin this program You will see the screen below The website that you will use will show up in the large portion of the screen. You may click on different portions of this to navigate around the website. The instructions and questions for each website are in the top section. Use the slide bar to see all questions. On the left side are the sites for the track. You will click on each one of these to change to the next section of your worksheet. To get a bigger view of the website hold the control key and hit F11. Ecological Changes: Succession (website 1) Begins with bare rock exposed by geologic activity- no soil; example: rock lichen moss grass shrub trees oak hickory forest. May occur on a new island formed by a volcanic eruption or on the rubble that remains after a glacier recedes 1. Define primary succession. Begins on soil from which previous community has been has been removed (by fire, agriculture, etc.) old field succession: example grass shrub trees oak history forest. Secondary succession can proceed much faster because the soil has been prepared by the precious community. 2. Define secondary succession. 3. List trends in succession. Early seral stages are highly productive but require large inputs of nutrients and also tend to lose nutrients. Biomass increases, but there is low productivity and fluctuations in biomass are common. These seral stages are dominated by "weedy" or "r-adapted" species which reproduce quickly, but often die young. Most of their energy goes into reproduction. There are relatively few species in early seral stages. Climax seral stages are much more complex, with many species. They create a favorable environment for many species. Biomass does not fluctuate, and decomposition rates are roughly equivalent to new production. Nutrients are cycled efficiently, and rarely leave the ecosystem. Individual organisms are longer-lived, since they invest more resources in themselves and less in producing offspring. Locally, a recently cleared field is an example of an early seral stage. It is colonized by grasses and other plants that produce many seeds, such as many annuals. These plants may live only one year, set seed, then die. The organisms in the field will not be able to cycle all of the nutrients, and many nutrients will run off with rainfall. On the other hand, the climax forest is characterized by trees, which are long-lived. There are many species, and each provides living space and food resources for other plants and a host of animals. Decomposing materials are recycled; few escape though the waters of the forest streams. 4. Read each of the case studies and jot down some notes in your table. Case Study Topic Primary Succession Secondary Succession Notes Bare rock with lichen and algae; some cracks with soil; larger cracks can start to support small plant life Lakes are filling in and becoming land Dune Succession Sand can be tossed around during storms. If wind blows it-forms dunes. If plants can take root, then the dune can be stabilized. Mangrove roots can further protect the shore from storms. Small Scale Succession Tortoise builds burrows in sands; burros offer refuge for animals; sand nutrients collects in burrows allowing the plants to grow quickly! Then secondary can begin. Clear Cutting Secondary succession begins on clear cut land. Timber companies replant forest which speeds up succession but b/c the trees are genetically similar and of the same age, limited habitats= not diverse Old Field Abandoned pasture; grasses will be replaced by perennials and eventually larger trees and at last a mature forest Ecological Changes: food webs (website 2) 1. Select one of the four food webs to complete and then diagram it here. 2. Describe your food web in a few sentences. Use/underline these vocabulary words: producer, energy, herbivore, omnivore, consumer, carnivore, and decomposer. Be sure to make it clear you understand the meaning of each of these words. 3. If all of a sudden there is an increase of a predator in your food web, what would happen? Explain using J/S curves. Nearly all populations will tend to grow exponentially as long as there are resources available (like the J curve) there is no limit to population size. Most populations have the potential to expand at an exponential rate since reproduction is generally a multiplicative process. Two of the most basic factors that affect the rate of growth are the birth rate and the death rate. The intrinsic rate of increase is the birth rate minus the death rate. The logistic curve or S curve shows the effect of a limiting factor such as a new predator being introduced. This would restrict growth because of the decrease in the prey. Adaptation: Interdependence (website 3) 1. Complete the activity by identifying each of the biotic organisms in this ecosystem and fill them in your chart. Biotic Abiotic Fox Caterpillar Dirt water Tree Owl Air Snail Squirrel Rocks Worm Bird Sunlight 2. Then identify at least three things from a woodland habitat similar to this one that could be considered abiotic and record them in the table above. 3. Then click sorter 1 and copy the diagram below. 4. Then click sorter 2 and copy the diagram below. 5. Now click on quiz and try the problems. Record the correct answers and your final score below. Quiz Question Answer 1. Which of these animals are you most likely to find in a woodland habitat? 2. Why do squirrels need trees and plants? 3. What does an oak tree need to grow? 4. Animals help plants in different ways. Which of these is NOT true? 5. A ‘producer’ uses energy from the Sun to make food. Which of these is NOT a producer? Fox b/c trees & plants provide food and shelter Sunlight, air, water Animals help plants by bringing them food Caterpillar 6. A ‘consumer’ gets its food by eating other organisms. Which of these is NOT a consumer? A holly bush 7. What do you always find at the start of a food chain or web? A green plant b/c plants can absorb the sun’s energy to produce food Take in water from the soil Plants and animals need each other 8. Why do food chains and food webs start with green plants? 9. What do the roots of a plant do? 10. Which of these is true? Final Score Adaptation: Adapt to Survive (website 4) 1. Choose start game and then click on the buttons on the projector to select and animal. Record the animal and their adaptation in your table. 2. Then choose the environmental influence from the five choices on the right that you think caused this adaptation. You can do this activity multiple times and it will give you different animals and adaptations. 3. Adaptations are gradual changes in biological traits of organisms due to mutations. These adaptations can be structure like the shape of a beak, physiological (make a web), or behavioral (migrations) based on their niches. Determine the type of adaptation each animal goes through. Here is some extra background info if you are having trouble: Structural adaptation, as a process, refers to the development of structural traits over time. Adaptation occurs due to evolution by mutation and natural selection. Examples include the gradual lengthening of the giraffe's neck over thousands of years, as animals with slightly longer necks out-competed their shorternecked contemporaries and the trait was passed on and reinforced with each successive generation. Another example is the development of different beak types by the various species of Darwin's finches. Groups of a single species were spread out between separate islands on which different food sources were available. As a consequence, the different groups developed different beak types to enable them to take advantage of the most abundant source of food. Read more: Difference Between Physiological and Structural Adaptation | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8580104_difference-between-physiological-structuraladaptation.html#ixzz2Of3X9qUm This refers to the manner in which physiological processes developed in organisms over time. An example is the development of the mammalian ability to produce milk, which arose from the existing physiological ability to sweat. Physiological traits and their development rely on the evolution of structural traits. For example, mammary glands must develop in order for an organism to produce milk. At the same time, the physiological ability to grow these structural traits must be developed. Essentially these are two sides of the same coin, and whether you define something physiologically or structurally depends on the context in which you are discussing it. Read more: Difference Between Physiological and Structural Adaptation | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8580104_difference-between-physiological-structuraladaptation.html#ixzz2Of3i9CwH All organisms have adaptations that help them survive and thrive. Some adaptations are structural. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism like the bill on a bird or the fur on a bear. Other adaptations are behavioral. Behavioral adaptations are the things organisms do to survive. For example, bird calls and migration are behavioral adaptations Animal Adaptation Environmental Influence Type (structural, physiological, or behavioral) Example: polar bears White fur to blend w/ snow & black skin to absorb NRG- sun White fur- shelter/protection Back skin- climate White fur- structural Black skin- structural Flamingo Bill filters food from H2O Food Structural Anteater Food Structural Giraffe Long snout and sticky saliva Long neck Food Structural Eagle Sharp hooked beak Food Structural Marine iguana Can drink salt water Water Physiological Meerkat Dark fur around eyes Climate Structural Porcupine Long claws to burrow Shelter/ protection Structural Moray Eel Mouth opens and closes all day Oxygen Physiological Stick Insect Camouflage Shelter/protection Structural or physiological Jack rabbit Gets moisture from plants Water Physiological Bat Sonar Big ears Paws to climb Food Food Physiological Structural Structural Nostrils have valves to close under water Changes color to blend with environments Big nostrils on top of nose Oxygen Structural Shelter/ protection Physiological or structural Oxygen Structural Water Climate Claws- structural Digging- behavioral Structural Climate Structural Shelter/ protection Behavioral Shelter/protection Physiological Oxygen Structural Koala Manatee Seahorse Hippopotamus Kangaroo Sharp powerful claws to dig Feet like snowshoes Artic hare Camel Whale Heavy fur and fatty hump to insulate from heat Live in tentacles of poisonous anemone Special hairs that grow algae Exhales from top of head Toucan Long bill Food Structural Chameleon Panda Long sticky tongue Changes colors Thick fur Food Shelter/ protection Climate Structural Physiological Structural Nurse shark Pump water over its gills Oxygen Physiological Clown fish *example of mutalism Sloth Check out this website as well about some of the different biomes and adaptations of plants and animals: http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm Adaptation: Dichotomous Key (website 5) 1. Choose one of the 8 Norns and then follow the dichotomous key to see if it works. Use the answer key if you are having trouble and then pick another one to try one your own. List the steps you followed below. A. 1. Has pointed ears 3. Ears point up 5. No waving 6. Has hair Beverlus B. 1. Has pointed ears 3. Ears point down 4. Waves Dallus C. 1. Has pointed ears 3. Ears point up 5. No waving 6. No hair 7. No tail, aggressive Rajus D. 1. Has rounded ears 2. No tail Kentuckyus E. 1. Has pointed ears 3. Ears point down 4. Hair tufts on ears Californius F. 1. Has pointed ears 3. Ears point up 5. Waves Wala Wala G. 1. Has rounded ears 2. Tail Dakotus H. 1. Has pointed ears 3. Ears point up 5. No wave 6. no hair 7. Tail Yorkio 2. A taxonomic or dichotomous key uses similarities and differences between objects to build a step by step process of identifying each unique object. Now use the dichotomous key below and identify each type of fish. Write the name in the box with the picture of the fish. Peacock Flounder Squirrel fish spotted goat fish glassy sweeper spotted eagle ray band-tail puffer Step 1 If fish shape is long and skinny then go to step 2 If fish shape is not long and skinny, then go to step 3 Step 5 If fish has spots, then go to step 6 If fish does not have spots, then go to step 7 Step 2 If fish has pointed fins, it is a trumpet fish If fish has smooth fins, it is a spotted moray eel Step 6 If fish has chin "whiskers," it is a spotted goat fish If fish does not have chin "whiskers," it is a band-tail puffer Step 3 Step 7 If fish has both eyes on top of the head, then go to step 4 If fish has stripes, then go to step 8 If fish has one eye on each side of the head, then go to step 5 If fish does not have stripes, it is a glassy sweeper Step 4 If fish has long whip-like tail, it is a spotted eagle ray If fish has short, blunt tail, it is a peacock flounder Step 8 If fish has a v-shaped tail, it is a squirrel fish If fish has a blunt tail, it is a glass-eye snapper Spotted moray Ray glass-eye snapper trumpet fish Adaptation: Symbiotic Relationships (website 6) 1. Define the following terms and give an example of each. Term Definition Example Symbiosis A close ecological relationship between the individuals of two (or more) different species Humans and dogs Mutualism Benefits both species Shrimp eat parasite off of other fish Commensalism One species benefits while the other is unaffected Spider build a web in a tree Parasitism One species benefits and the other is harmed Tapeworms, fleas, ticks, barnicles Competition Neither species benefits Cheetah and lions Neutralism Both species are unaffected Rabbits & deer live in the same habitat but have no interaction 2. What do we call biological partnerships between organisms of different species? symbiosis 3. How does symbiosis affect feeding relationships within an ecosystem? Many organisms are completely dependent on others for their food source ex: protozoans that live inside termites feed off of the wood that termites ingest, Remora are fish that feed off of the scraps of sharks and get rides from them. Bees gather nectar and also help to spread pollen from the flowers. Without symbiotic relationships many organisms within an ecosystem would cease to exist. With organisms in a food web missing the entire community would eventually collapse. Organisms are not meant to be independent. Each living thing has important relationships that affect others making up a strong community. 4. How cooperation and competition coexist in nature? Cooperation and competition are both ways that organisms interact in an ecosystem. In cooperation the organisms work together for the good of the individuals involved (a group of lions trying to take down a large animal to feed the whole pride), but in competition individuals work against each other in an effort to get resources (food, shelter, mates, etc.). Remember, if competing organisms are in the same species it is called intraspecific competition and if they are in different species it is interspecific competition. Intraspecific - two different cats trying to kill the same mouse for food Interspecific - a cat and a bird competing for a mouse for food 5. Read each of the excerpts below and identify the type of symbiotic relationship. A. Boran people of Africa use a bird known as a honey guide to help them and in turn they help the bird. When the Boran people are looking for honey they follow the bird to lead them to an empty bee's nest. Then the Borans use smoke and fire to keep the bees away and get out the honey. They leave the larvae and wax which the bird uses and the smoke keeps bees from stinging the bird. Type of relationship: ___ mutualism_____ B. Egrets in cattle pastures show commensalism. They eat all the insects that fly off the cows when they are grazing. Type of relationship: ____ commensalism_____ C. The bilharzia parasite lives in human blood cells and attaches itself. Once attached it lays larvae and then allows them to slowly bring the host to a slow death, then moves to a new host. Type of relationship: __ parasitism___ D. “All around the 2 wounded men, the battle for Gettysburg raged. A single shell burst had ended their war, blinding the soldier in blue, crippling the man in gray. They lay sprawled, talking to each other to ease their plain and fear of dying; hesitantly at first, then increasingly earnestly. It occurred to them that thirst and exposure to more fire were their real enemies. If they could get to Spangler’s Spring at the base of Culp’s Hill, they would have water and shelter. The blind man supported the crippled man, the crippled man directed the blind man. Together they had the legs and eyes it would take to survive in a hostile world in which neither could survive independently. Together they limped to water and safety in order to live.” Type of relationship: __ mutualism___ Genetics: Mitosis and Meiosis (websites 7 & 8) 1. Complete this chart: Purpose- be specific Mitosis Meiosis Duplicate cells- creating two new cells with equal numbers of chromosomes Duplicate cells to create a new organism- shuffles the cell's genes; only has ½ # chromosomes 1 2 2 4 ½ as many as before division 23 (in humans) Haploid # of divisions it has # of cells you end up with Amount of chromosomes in each cell Same as before division 46 (in humans) What the new cells are called? (diploid or haploid) Diploid 2. What do mitosis and meiosis have in common? Cell replication, duplication, or division 3. What is the “big idea” about mitosis? Be specific. Simple duplication of a cell like skin cells 4. List and describe the 5 phases of mitosis? Prophase: the cell gets ready to duplicate, DNA condenses and centrioles move (huddle) Metaphase: everything aligns itself, spindles attach to centromes, the DNA lines up along the central axis and condenses into chromosomes, and the centrioles send out specialized tubules that connect to the DNA (line of scrimmage) Anaphase: the separation begins, ½ the chromosomes are pulled to each side of the cell and the chromatids split (play begins) Telophase: division is finishing up as the cell membrane closes in and separates the cell(touchdown/ end of play- 2 teams separate) Interphase: resting state (90% of the time) maintaining nutrients and energy, duplicating nucleic acids in preparation for prophase in the future (the week leading up to the next game) 5. What is the “big idea” about meiosis? Meiosis happens when it’s time to reproduce an organism Genetics: DNA (website 9) click on the DNA: structure link to open the PowerPoint 1. DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell. More specifically the DNA is found on the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell. 2. List two reasons why DNA is studied. Important for life better food crops medical benefits 3. Our genes are small sections on our chomosomes. 4. How are DNA and chromosomes related? Our genes are on chromosomes and chromosomes are made of DNA 5. The shape of a DNA molecule is called a double helix. Describe what it looks like or draw it. 6. When a DNA double strand (chromosome) replicates, the strand unzips and the original strand serves as the template for the new strand that is forming. (The remainder of the power point will focus on one strand after it has been unzipped.) 7. The backbone of a DNA strand is phosphate and deoxyribose sugar. The parts that connect the two strands are nigrogeneous bases. 8. A nucleotide is made of one deoxyribose with its phosphate and base. 9. DNA is made of four different bases. Name them and describe how they pair up in a strand of DNA. Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) 10. What holds the bases together? Hydrogen bonds You will have to Google the next few questions on your own… 11. What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes? Genotypes: coded inheritable information Phenotypes: physical traits of the organism 12. The genotype would be like TT and the phenotype would be tall plant. 13. A karyotype is a picture of all 23 pair of chromosomes. It can tell you two different things: 1. the sex of the offspring 2. if there are any genetic disorders 14. Proteins for the cell are made from portions of the DNA called codons. This is the job of the ribosomes within the cell. Genetics: Punnett Square (website 10) 1. A Punnett Square is a simple graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of genotypes that can occur in children, given the genotypes of their parents. It also shows us the odds of each of the offspring genotypes occurring. 2. Define heterozygous: a genotype consisting of 2 different alleles or a gene for a particular trait (Example: Aa) 3. Define homozygous: a genotype consisting of 2 identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait (Example: homozygous dominant AA or homozygous recessive aa) 4. Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive gene carried by the parents. If both parents carry the recessive gene “a” as well as the dominant allele “A” then each of the parents are heterozygous (Aa) and do not show any signs of the disease. Fill in the Punnett Square below. What are the chances of their offspring having the homozygous gene (aa) which could eventually kill their offspring from this disease? A a A AA a Aa Aa aa Percent of Offspring having CF 25 % 5. It is likely that every one of us is a carrier for a large number of recessive alleles. Some of these alleles can cause lifethreatening defects if they are inherited from both parents. In addition to cystic fibrosis, albinism, and beta-thalassemia are recessive disorders. Some disorders are caused by dominant alleles for genes. Inheriting just one copy of such a dominant allele will cause the disorder. This is the case with Huntington disease, achondroplastic dwarfism, and polydactyly. People who are heterozygous (Aa) are not healthy carriers. They have the disorder just like homozygous dominant (AA) individuals. If both parents have one dominant allele (Aa) draw the Punnett Square below and list the percent chance that an offspring would have this disorder (be careful- this is different from the example online. You need to figure it out on your own!) A A AA a Aa a Aa aa % of Offspring having dominant disorder 75 % Genetics: Heredity (website 11) Click on the link that says Tour of the Basics: WHAT IS HEREDITY? and then answer the questions below. 1. The passing of traits from parent to child is called heredity 2. What two things contribute to our traits? Genes that encode the instructions that define our traits and the environment that we grow up in. 3. Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes. We get 23 from each parent. 4. Most cells in our body have 46 chromosome while sperm and egg only have 5. When joined together, the sperm and egg cells create a single cell called a 23. zygote This cell will divide, ultimately developing a child. 6. Explain why each child inherits a unique set of chromosomes (ie. no two children are just alike). Each offspring receives 23 random chromosomes from each parent. Because they are randomly selected, no two children will be the same set of chromosomes. 7. Do identical twins have the exact same set of chromosomes? Why or why not? Yes, because identical twins are formed from the same zygote. 8. Do fraternal twins have the exact same set of chromosomes? Why or why not? No, because fraternal twins are formed from two completely different cells just as any sibling is. 9. Now click on the next link: Tour of the Basics: WHAT IS A TRAIT? Fill in the table below: Types of traits Definitions Examples of genetic influences Examples of environmental influences Physical Traits Characteristics of one’s physical makeup Hair color, eye color, height Exposure to sun or dye can change one’s hair color Behavioral Traits Characteristics of the way one acts A sheep dog’s herding instinct and a retriever’s desire to fetch You can train a retriever to roll over and “play dead” when you toss a ball Predisposition to a Medical Condition An increased risk of getting a certain type of disorder Sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, cancer, certain types of mental illness Eating healthy foods and exercising can reduce risk 10. Traits influenced by just one gene are rare. These are called single – gene traits. 11. More often, traits are shaped by more than one gene- and sometimes many. These are called complex Biological Systems: Life Processes (website 12) traits. Read the introduction and click on the following links (nutrition, movement/growth, reproduction, respiration, and sensitivity/excretion) to learn more about what it means to “be living”: Life Process Definition Animal Application Plant Application Grow; respond to external stimuli (light) Movement Moving parts of the organism Reproduction Producing offspring Sensitivity Responding and reacting Move quickly from place to place to find food, shelter, etc… Sexual, involving two parents and the union of two gametes Asexual, where one parent reproduces itself. Examples of this are strawberry plants or spider plants producing runners or offshoots. Respond to heat, touch, etc… Growth Maturing to adult size Young matures to adult Seed grows to plant Excretion Getting rid of waste getting rid of metabolic waste getting rid of metabolic waste Respiration Turning food into energy Energy contained in food is 'unlocked' or transferred to the organism Energy contained in food is 'unlocked' or transferred to the organism Nutrition Getting food to stay alive Cannot make own food Can make own food – photosynthesis Produce by seeds Sexual and asexual Respond to light Use the information in the Track star and this picture to answer the following: a. What is the mnemonic used to remember the seven basic life processes? MRS GREN b. What words do the letters in the mnemonic represent? Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition Biological Systems: Complexity of Organisms (website 13) Read and take notes in the chart below. Look for important scientific vocabulary words as well as examples. Unicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms One cell Small in size Simple structure: contain ribosomes, DNA, and cell membrane Most are Prokaryotes No nucleus (in most) No internal organs Can live in areas that are perceived to be hazardous for human life and are highly acidic or radioactive in nature Ex: bacteria, amoeba, yeast, paramecium More than 1 cell- millions actually Complex and intricate in their structure and composition Many different organs for different funtions Called Eukaryotes Have nuclei and organelles Cells work in tandem to keep life form alive Bigger in size Ex: humans, animals, plants, fungi, and myxozoa (microscopic) Biological Systems: Levels of Organizations (website 14) Name Definition/ Purpose/ Function Level 1 Cells Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism Level 2 Tissues Level 3 Organs Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function and which work together to perform a specific activity Made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity Example blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc. blood, nervous, bone, etc. Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve. heart, brain, skin, etc. Level 4 Organ Systems Groups of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function for the organism. The Human body has 11 organ systems circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune(lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal. circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, etc. Level 5 Organisms Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes. Meaning they can take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce. Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only one cell such as bacteria or protist. bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, human Biological Systems: Six Kingdoms (website 15) 1. Characteristics of eukaryotic cells: Have a membrane bound nucleus that contains the DNA Have membrane bound organelles that allow for specialization Can be unicellular or multicellular 2. Characteristics of prokaryotic cells: Do not have a nucleus Do not have membrane bound organelles All are unicellular Kingdom Structure Photosynthesis Bacteria Unicellular Sometimes Archaea Unicellular No Protista Unicellular Sometimes Algae, amoeba Fungi Unicellular or Multicellular No mushroom Animalia Multicellular No dog Plantae Multicellular Yes Tree, grass Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Example Bacteria (common) Bacteria (extreme environments) Nutrition: Go to http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-chemicals-of-life/32-carbohydrates-lipids-and.html and label the organic compounds as amino acid, lipid, or saccharide in the chart below. Then identify which one belongs to carbs, fats, and proteins. Use the website http://www.brianmac.co.uk/nutrit.htm to fill in the remainder of the chart. Group (carb, fat, or protein) Carbohydrate Protein Fats Monosaccharide 57% 4 Bread, pasta, sugar Amino acid 13% 4 Meat, nuts, eggs, dairy Fatty acids/ lipids 30% 9 Oil, butter, animal fat like on bacon Picture Name of compound in picture Recommended Daily Allowance Calories per gram Examples Nutrition: Go to http://www.neok12.com/Health-Nutrition.htm Read about nutrition, watch some of the videos, and then try Quiz on Nutrition #1 and #2 and record your answers below. Quiz on Nutrition #1 Nutrition Vocabulary Word Carbohydrates Vitamins Fats Proteins Dietary Minerals Dietary Fiber Antioxidants Water Quiz on Nutrition #2 Nutrition Vocabulary Word Protein Sodium Protein Soluble Fiber Vitamins Carbohydrates Body Mass Index Trans Fats Definition Macronutrients made of sugars and starches that are main source of energy for human body Micronutrients required for regulating growth and normal metabolic functioning of the body Nutrients made up of fatty acids that store energy in a concentrated form Macro nutrients made up of amino acids that help build, maintain, and repair body tissue Chemical elements (eg. Ca, Fe, Mg) that are required in small amounts by the body Indigestible plant matter that helps push food, aides digestion, and lowers risk of many diseases Nutrients that protect cells from the damage of oxidation caused by free radicals (reactive ions) Vital nutrient that makes up 2/3 of our body and is involved in its every single function Definition A food allergy is an adverse immune response to a food ____________. Processed foods are usually high in ___________ which contributes to high blood pressure. Eggs, dairy products and meats are classified as good sources of: Name the plant-based food that can help reduce blood cholesterol levels: Deficiency of what type of nutrient causes weakness, poor growth and metabolic problems? What food group is our body’s best source of energy? A standardized ratio of weight to height that is often used as an indicator of health: Packaged baked foods are most likely to contain ______ that raise cholesterol levels.