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Transcript
OF AP PSYCH Part 1 - First to speculate on the nature of the mind and the concept of dualism - The mind is not observable and not subject to natural laws -The mind of controls the body, while the body provides the mind with sensory input -Began the school of thought known as empiricism (acquisition of truth through observations) - Used the Term Tabula Rasa (blank slate) which means all knowledge is gained through experience -Only things that exist are matter and energy -Theories influenced the school of thought known as behaviorism -Founder of the Science of Psychology -Opened first laboratory to study consciousness - First U.S. Psychologist - Theory known as Structuralism, understanding the smallest parts of the mind will give greater understanding of the greater structure of the mind - 1st women to become President of the American Psychological Association -American activist that lobbied for the rights of the mentally ill and led to the establishment of state-run mental institutions -First President of the American Psychological Association -First African American to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology -First African American female to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology -Theory of Natural Selection -Evolutionary theory sets the stage by establishing behavior as observable and therefore subject to scientific scrutiny -Researched areas in the brain associated with the ability to speak (frontal area of the left hemisphere of the brain) - Section of the brain renamed Broca’s area -Researched the area of the brain associated with the ability to comprehend speech (rear area of the left temporal lobe) - Section of the brain named Wernicke’s Brain -Researched that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other -Split-Brain Research - Leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience - Researched humans ability to see color -Theory that cones in the retina are activated by light waves associated with blue, red and green (all other colors are a blend of the three) - Weber’s Law, which states the greater the magnitude of the stimulus the larger the difference must be to be noticed Ex: For a 20 pound bowling ball, it needs to be a huge weight change rather than a small weight change to be noticed -Founder of Psychophysics (relationship between stimulus and sensation) -Discoveries in the field of information processing in the visual system -Psychoanalytic Approach -Conscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind -Resolution of unconscious conflicts through uncovering repressed memories - Theory known as REM rebound, REM sleep increases the more humans are deprived of sleep -School of Thought known as Functionalism, Understand how the mind fulfills its purpose -Researchers that studied REM sleep, discovered eyes move more vigorously during REM sleep -Identified the stages that people tend to come to terms with dying (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance) - Leading researcher in the scientific study of lucid dreaming -Researcher in the field of hypnosis -Behavoralist Approach -Landmark experiment (Pavlov’s Dog Experiment), identified the aspects of Classical Conditioning - Behavoralist Approach -Applied Classical Conditioning theories to humans (Little Albert Experiment) -Studied form of classical conditioning known as conditioned taste aversion -Animals are biologically conditioned to associate illness with foul smelling/looking food - Behavoralist Approach - Developed the theories of Operant Conditioning (Skinner Box) -Theory of Social Learning, or observational learning (Bobo Doll Experiment) -Human Learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening ones that already exist -Neuroscientist that researched long-term potentiation(LTP), which is that learning takes place at the neural level -Experiments that researched the concept of Latent Learning, or learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation arises -Cognitive component of learning - Elementary learning processing -Theory of connectionism (neural networks) and helped lay the scientific foundation for Modern Educational Psychology -Experiments with short-term visual memory, or Iconic memory - Concept of an innate language acquisition device , which helps in the development of language in children -Theory of Linguistic Relativity, in which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language and culture -Experiments addressing the concept of insight, sudden understanding of a problem or problem solving ability -Thinking “outside the box” - One of the Founding Fathers of Gestalt Psychology -Experimental study of memory and developed the learning curve (learned knowledge graph) -Researcher in the field of human memory (misinformation effect and eyewitness memory -Pioneer in the field of Cognitive Psychology (average number of 7 in short-term memory) -Focused on the psychology of prediction and probability judgment (ambiguity aversion) -Researched the reward centers of the brain (located in the hypothalamus) -Biological reasoning for motivation -Tasks of moderate difficulty bring about the highest level of performance -Tasks too easy or too hard elicit the lowest levels of performance -Motivation is based on individual differences and varying environments -Environmental stimuli cause physiological changes and responses Stimulus Physiological Response Experience Of Emotion -Physiological response and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously to the stimulus Physiological Arousal Stimulus Experience of Emotion - - Two Factor Theory, the emotion that we experience is a result of the cognitive label that individual’s apply to it Physiological Arousal Experience of Emotion Stimulus Cognitive Appraisal - Fight or Flight Response, in relation to coping with stress -Cognitive Theory of how we respond to stress (evaluates whether the event appears to be stressful and if one can handle it) -Pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions (atlas of emotions) - Work in the field of Comparative Psychology (Opponent-process theory of emotion) - Developer of the Mere Exposure effect