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Transcript
The Endocrine System Chapter 47 Endocrine System: The Body’s Regulatory System • The nervous system is involved with high speed messages • The endocrine system is slower and involves the production, release, and movement of chemical messages – Endocrine glands – ductless glands that secrete hormones into body fluids for distribution – Exocrine glands – secrete chemicals (sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes) into ducts which carry them to appropriate locations • The nervous and endocrine systems are interrelated – some chemicals serve both as hormones and neurotransmitters Chemical signals • Bind to specific receptors within target cells or on their surface • This triggers chemical events within the target cell and results in a change in its behavior • Hormones coordinate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction Endocrine Glands and their Hormones • Hypothalamus – In brain – Receives information from body and initiates endocrine responses • Pituitary gland – Below hypothalamus – Two lobes – one releases hormones directly into bloodstream, the other stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus Hormones… • Posterior pituitary hormones – Oxytocin – involved in labor and nursing – Antidiuretic hormone – makes the kidneys increase water retention in response to dehydration • Anterior pituitary hormones – Growth hormone - growth – Prolactin – mammary gland development – Follicle-stimulating hormone – spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle growth – Thyroid-stimulating hormone – stimulates the thyroid to produce its hormones Hormones… • Pineal gland – also in brain – Melatonin – modulates skin pigmentation and controls biorhythms • Thyroid – around trachea – Thyroxine – controls metabolism • Hyperthyroidism – high body temp, sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure • Hypothyroidism – weight gain, lethargy, coldintolerance • Goiter (enlarged thyroid) – dietary iodine deficiency Hormones… • Pancreas – two antagonistic hormones – Maintains blood glucose levels close to 90 mg/ 100 mL – Insulin – secreted when blood glucose levels are high stimulates cells to take up glucose from the blood and convert to glycogen – Glucagon – secreted when blood glucose levels fall stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release to bloodstream – Type I diabetes – sudden on-set; insulindependent – Type II diabetes – usually adults over 40; treated with diet and exercise Hormones… • Adrenal glands – sit on top of kidneys – Epinephrine and norepinephrine • Released in response to stress (‘fight or flight’) • Glucose is released as well as fatty acids • Rate and stroke volume of heart increases • Blood is shunted away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys, and sent to heart, brain, and skeletal muscles • Breathing rate increases and bronchioles in lungs dilate Hormones… • Gonads (testes in males; ovaries in females) – Steroid hormones: androgens for males; estrogens for females – At puberty these stimulate the development of the secondary sex characteristics – Primary androgen is testosterone – Primary estrogen is estradiol