Download ADJECTIVE An adjective is a word or word group that is used to

ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word or word group that is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives
answer the following questions:
WHAT KIND?
red house
sick child
silver jewelry
cool water
WHICH ONE?
third chance
this hat
any piece
those apples
HOW MANY?
six flowers
both answers
several reasons
few letters
HOW MUCH?
enough space
no rain
more energy
little effort
Adjectives can appear before or after the nouns or pronouns they modify:
• The sick child had a fever.
• The child, sick with a fever, was in bed.
• She was sick with a fever.
TYPE
Articles*
Nouns
Common
Proper
Compound
Verbs
Pronouns
Possessive
Demonstrative
Interrogative
Indefinite
UNUSUAL TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
LIST
EXAMPLES
a, an, the
The catcher wore a mask.
Give me an answer soon.
formed from a common noun
formed from a proper noun
made up of more than one word
with -ing or past tense endings
personal pronoun or noun that
answers “which one?”
this, that, these, those
which, what, whose
another, each, neither, either, few,
both, many, several, all, any,
more, most, other, some
We enjoyed the evening meal.
I listen to guitar music.
I experienced a Chicago wind storm.
I enjoy Mexican art.
We traveled to a far-off land.
She’s a hardhearted girl.
We finally have running water.
He was the expected winner.
Our dog was found last night.
Her umbrella was lost on the bus.
Mary’s house is next to mine.
He sent me these flowers.
Would you prefer this book?
Which movie did she see?
Whose necklace did you wear?
Each boy brought several friends.
They needed more fruit.
Some students have both tickets.
*NOTE: We will not consider the articles in our exercises and tests.
EXERCISE ONE: Circle the adjectives in the sentences, and draw arrows from the
adjectives to the words they modify. (The number in parenthesis is the number of
adjectives in the sentence.)
1. The old house had been empty for several years. (3)
2. The second team played during the last quarter. (2)
3. The new teacher was patient and helpful. (3)
4. One poor elephant was suffering from a bad toothache. (3)
5. The enormous jet cannot land at a small airport. (2)
6. The new atomic submarines are spacious and comfortable. (4)
7. A magnetic field surrounds the entire earth. (2)
8. The water in this lake tastes salty. (2)
9. Many young Americans are making scientific discoveries. (3)
10. The two people in the other car seemed angry. (3)
EXERCISE TWO: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a complete sentence, which contains a common noun as an adjective.
2. Write a complete sentence, which contains a proper noun as an adjective modifying the
noun “grades.”
3. Write a complete sentence, which contains TWO personal pronouns as adjectives.
4. Write a complete sentence with TWO adjectives following the linking verb “was.”
5. Write a complete sentence, which contains a demonstrative pronoun as an adjective.
6. Write a question in which the interrogative pronoun “what” is used as an adjective.
7. Write a complete sentence in which the indefinite pronoun “many” is used as an adjective.
8. Write a complete sentence, which contains an -ing verb used as an adjective.
ADVERB
An adverb describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. The following is a list of words that are
always adverbs:
always
never
quite
somewhat
too
why
far
not
rather
soon
very
here
now
really
then
when
how
often
seldom
there
where
*Most -ly words
Adverbs answer the following questions:
WHERE?
fell below
moves aside
went there
climbs down
WHEN?
arrived today
left early
should speak before
begins then
IN WHAT MANNER OR HOW?
happily ran
will end abruptly
had been sung loudly
danced awkwardly
TO WHAT EXTENT?
partly understands
wash completely
have not completed
hardly would have
very glad
almost ready
climbed almost over
not completely wrong
EXAMPLES
She walks carefully. (modifies the verb; how does she walk?)
She is very pretty. (modifies an adjective; how pretty is she?)
He hunted his prey very carefully. (modifies another adverb; how carefully?)
Position of Adverbs: Adverbs can precede the words they modify, follow the words they
modify,
or shift from one place to another in the sentence.
EXAMPLES
It was a very common name. (before)
The elevator had gone up. (after)
He turned suddenly and ran.
Suddenly, he turned and ran. (shifted)
EXERCISE ONE: Circle the adverbs and draw arrows from the adverbs to the words
they modify. (The number in parenthesis is the number of adverbs in the sentence.)
1. Dr. Laura Anders spoke at our assembly here today. (2)
2. She recalled that discoveries have often been made accidentally. (2)
3. Air travel depends heavily on instruments that were completely unknown before 1940. (2)
4. Meteorologists can certainly predict the weather quite accurately. (3)
5. The rain came rather suddenly, which caused him to slam on his brakes rather abruptly. (4)
6. Harry came in late yesterday. (3)
7. His unusually brilliant works were recently published. (2)
8. Ernie nearly always arrives late for class. (3)
9. Steve plays the violin extremely well, but I am not very fond of the sound of violins. (4)
10. The unbearably high temperature caused him to walk very slowly. (3)
EXERCISE TWO: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a complete sentence using a form of the verb “run” that contains an adverb answering
the question “how?”
2. Write a complete sentence that contains an adverb answering the question “where?”
3. Write a complete sentence that contains an adverb modifying the adjective “happy.”
4. Write a complete sentence that contains an adverb modifying another adverb.
5. Write a complete sentence in which an adverb is shifted to the beginning of the sentence.
6. Write a complete sentence that contains TWO adverbs following the verb they modify.
7. Write a complete sentence that contains THREE adverbs.
8. Write a complete sentence that uses the adverb “soon” to modify the verb.
9. Write a complete sentence that uses the adverb “south” to modify the verb.
CHOOSING BETWEEN ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Both adjectives and adverbs are modifiers. Furthermore, they often look alike. To learn which to
use in a specific case, the following guidelines should be learned:
1. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
ADJECTIVE
a straight course
ADVERB
thinks straight
a hard problem
works hard
a high note
flies high
I awoke early from my nap. (adverb)
I had an early class. (adjective)
I studied hard. (adverb)
It was a hard test. (adjective)
2. Many adverbs add -ly to adjectives:
ADJECTIVE
gentle hands
ADVERB
handles gently
bright paint
painted brightly
Jerry met a dreadful beast in the woods. (adj.)
(dreadful modifies the noun beast)
This beast was really dreadful. (adj.)
(dreadful modifies the noun beast)
The beast howled dreadfully. (adv.)
(dreadfully modifies the verb howled)
It was a dreadfully noisy beast. (adv.)
(dreadfully modifies the adjective noisy)
3. Remember, that the describing word after a linking verb is always an adjective:
EXAMPLES:
The actress appeared nervous. (linking verb)
The groundhog appeared suddenly. (action verb)
The lake grew dark and ominous. (linking verb)
The baby grew quickly. (action verb)
EXERCISE ONE: Circle the correct word in each sentence. Next, draw an arrow from
the adjective or adverb you circled to the word it describes. (The first word is always the
adjective; the second word is always the adverb.)
1. You can find the way (easy, easily) from here.
2. I spoke too (hasty, hastily).
3. The lawyer argued her case (convincing, convincingly).
4. The man seemed (unsteady, unsteadily) on his feet.
5. Larry looked very (happy, happily) in his new job.
6. Troy visits our house rather (frequent, frequently) in the summer.
7. Ms. Behler cooked the soup (special, specially) for him.
8. I’ve never seen anyone handle a baby so (careful, carefully).
9. The old man needed a shave (bad, badly).
10. It rained (steady, steadily) all day.
EXERCISE TWO: Rewrite the following sentences to give the reader a clearer picture by
adding at least one adjective and one adverb to the following sentences. Make sure you
label the adjective with ADJ and the adverb with ADV. You may not use the same
adjective or adverb anywhere on this sheet. Also, replace general nouns and verbs with
more specific words.
EXAMPLE: The child picked up a toy.
Jimmy, a wiry toddler, quickly grabbed the dump truck.
1. The animal moved.
2. His pet was frightened.
3. The woman jogged around the lake.
4. The man served dessert to his guests.
5. The bird dove into the water for a fish.
PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that links the noun or pronoun that follows it with the rest of the
sentence. The following is a list of the most common prepositions. MEMORIZE THESE.
about
above
across
after
against
along
amid
among
around
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside(s)
between
beyond
but
by
concerning
COMMON PREPOSITIONS
despite
near
down
of
during
off
except
on
for
onto
from
opposite
in
out
inside
outside
into
over
like
past
since
through(out)
till
to
toward
under(neath)
until
up(on)
with
within (out)
Prepositions travel in phrases. Each prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end
with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition (OP). A prepositional
phrase is not a sentence. It requires the help of a noun and a verb in order to create a sentence.
The prepositional phrase is created in the following way:
above the tree
inside the garden
beyond the fence
into the house
under the bed
between you and me
THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT PREPOSITIONS
1. A preposition without a phrase is an adverb.
Please put the package down carefully. (adv.)
Alice fell down a rabbit hole. (prep. ph.)
We had seen her before. (adv.)
She stood before the Red Queen. (prep. ph.)
2. Prepositional phrases often travel in packs.
They rode down the slope in pairs at full speed.
3. Nothing of importance to the sentence is ever found in a prepositional phrase.
We heard the demanding ring of the telephone.
The play, a documentary of one of the decisive battles of the Civil
War, was unbearably boring.
4. Only certain personal pronouns can be objects of prepositions (me, her, him, them, us, whom)
between Harry and me
5. There are NO verbs in a prepositional phrase.
EXERCISE ONE: Put parenthesis around all prepositional phrases. (The number in
parenthesis tells how many prepositional phrases are found in the sentence.)
1. The boys walked up the hill with their sleds. (2)
2. Will we have trouble with grammar, which is the brainstorm of our English teachers? (2)
3. During the avalanche, the slumbering village vanished under the snow. (2)
4. In the late afternoon, we had our first customer. (1)
5. There was a spontaneous burst of applause. (1)
6. John had once been lost on the Yukon River for three days. (2)
7. The jewels had been hidden in a box of rubbish. (2)
8. Can you work at the museum after school? (2)
9. The sudden illness of the leading lady forced a change in our plans. (2)
10. For twenty years, the man in the iron mask captured everyone's imagination. (2)
EXERCISE TWO: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the subject.
2. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the verb.
3. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase at the beginning of the sentence.
4. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the adjective “happy.”
5. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the adjective “late.”
6. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the verb “swam.”
7. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the pronoun “many.”
8. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the noun “horse.”
9. Write a complete sentence with a prepositional phrase modifying the object of another
prepositional phrase.
CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word used to connect words or groups of words. There are four types of
conjunctions (coordinating, correlative, subordinating and conjunctive adverbs).
for
and
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS – “FANBOYS”
nor
but
or
yet
Coordinating conjunctions connect similar kinds of words or groups of words:
WITH NOUNS: My sister and brother ran the program.
WITH ADJECTIVES: She wore a simple yet elegant dress.
WITH VERBS: The dog barked but wagged his tail.
WITH PREP PHRASES: Put the packages on the table or in the closet.
WITH COMPLETE IDEAS: Bob left early, so I left with him.
both…and
either…or
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
neither…nor
not only…but also
whether…or
Correlative conjunctions also connect similar words or word groups but always travel in pairs:
WITH NOUNS: He lost both the necklace and the ring.
WITH NOUNS AND PRONOUNS: Neither Don nor she will go.
WITH ADVERBS: Jean finished the sketch not only effortlessly but also quickly.
WITH ADJECTIVES: My mom was not only beautiful but also kind.
WITH INFINITIVES: She didn’t know whether to stand firm or to compromise.
after
although
as
as if
as long as
as soon as
as though
because
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
before
till
even though
unless
if
until
in order that
when
since
whenever
so that
where
than
wherever
though
while
Subordinating conjunctions connect two complete ideas by making one of the ideas dependent
on the other (in other words, turning it into an adverb clause).
I go to the museum whenever I get a chance.
As soon as we turned our backs, the cat jumped up onto the table.
Although the chef bakes delicious bread, his cakes are failures.
Few people had signed up because the trip had been delayed.
NOTE: When an adverb clause comes at the beginning, it is followed by a COMMA.
so
Certain adverbs are used to join main clauses (sentences). When used this way, the adverbs are
called conjunctive adverbs. These conjunctive adverbs are preceded by a semi-colon and
followed by a comma. The most common are listed below:
accordingly
also
besides
then
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS—Cause & Effect
consequently
however
furthermore
moreover
hence
nevertheless
therefore
thus
still
We must leave at once; thus, we won’t be late for class.
The players wear sunglasses; therefore, the sun won’t blind them.
I know he wasn’t at home; however, he may have been in school.
NOTE: Remember these adverbs are only conjunctions when they connect two complete
sentences.
He was late today; moreover, he is late most days. (conjunction)
but
He was, moreover, late most every day. (adverb)
Try to arrive early; however, if you cannot, call me. (conjunction)
but
I don’t think, however, that you will call me on time. (adverb)
INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word or word group that expresses feeling or emotion and has no function
within the sentence. Because they are unrelated to any other part of the sentence, they are set off
by commas or exclamation marks.
wow
well
oh
alas
COMMON INTERJECTIONS
yeah
oops
golly
goodness
Oh! I didn’t know you were there.
Oops! I guess I goofed again.
Well! See if I care!
darn
whew
EXERCISE ONE: Circle the conjunctions in each sentence; then, label them
coordinating, correlative, subordinating, or conjunctive adverb.
TYPE
__________ 1. Either Elizabeth or Suzanne would make a good president.
__________ 2. Janet will never agree, but she may support your idea.
__________ 3. When the bus was late, Connor became impatient.
__________ 4. Many accidents happened at this corner; therefore, a stoplight is being installed.
__________ 5. The pilot of the plane waited until he received the signal.
__________ 6. You must either leave now or forget about going at all.
__________ 7. The runner was exhausted but happy.
__________ 8. Wherever the child went, she left cookie crumbs.
__________ 9. She was smart; moreover, she was the best looking girl in class.
__________10. Sandy ate not only her own dinner but also mine.
EXERCISE TWO: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a complete sentence that begins with an interjection showing surprise.
2. Write TWO complete sentences about television joined by a coordinating conjunction.
3. Write TWO complete sentences about music joined by a conjunctive adverb.
4. Write a complete sentence about hobbies that contains TWO proper nouns joined by a
coordinating conjunction.
7. Write a complete sentence about chores that BEGINS with an adverb clause introduced by a
subordinating conjunction “although.”
8. Write a complete sentence about shopping that contains an adverb clause beginning with the
subordinating conjunction “unless.”
9. Write a complete sentence about your best friends that connects TWO verbs with the
correlative conjunction “either…or.”
ENGLISH 9
UNIT I, PART 2
MASTERY TEST REVIEW
PART ONE. Depending on its use in the sentence, identify the part of speech of each word
in BOLD.
N
Pro
V
Adj
=
=
=
=
noun
pronoun
verb
adjective
Adv
Prep
Conj
Int
= adverb
= preposition
= conjunction
= interjection
_______1. Wow! I can not believe I know that answer to this sentence.
_______ 2. The bicycle is in my garage.
_______ 3. I bicycled through the streets of the town.
_______ 4. The bicycle chain fell off.
_______ 5. She enjoys tennis and boating.
_______ 6. When he saw her, he was shocked.
_______ 7. Will she call you early on Friday?
_______ 8. What is the object of the game?
_______ 9. Accept her offer without delay.
_______10. Which book did you read last term?
PART TWO. Read the paragraph below. Then, circle the part of speech of the bold word.
It was the night of our prom. I had a crush on one girl in particular, and I really want
1
2
to ask her out. As I walked into the dance, I saw her. Ramona looked beautiful that night.
She wore her hair pulled back very tightly. All of the guys wanted to dance with her. I
3
4
wanted to dance with her, but she refused me. Wow! That was the first time I've been
5
6
turned down in years. I was very unfortunate, oh, most fortunate. She said that her wish
7
8
was to dance with the tallest guy at the dance, which was not me. I couldn’t help but feel
rejected, so I slowly walked away from the dance floor. Just as I approached the punch bowl,
9
Marie, came up and asked me to dance. I quickly realized how easy it was to move on from
10
Ramona.
1. A. Adjective
B. Noun
C. Adverb
D. Pronoun
6. A. Verb
B. Adverb
C. Conjunction
D. Interjection
2. A. Adjective
B. Conjunctions
C. Adverb
D. Interjection
7. A. Adverb
B. Verb
C. Adjective
D. Preposition
3. A. Noun
B. Verb
C. Preposition
D. Adverb
8. A. Pronoun
B. Noun
C. Verb
D. Adjective
4. A. Pronoun
B. Conjunction
C. Noun
D. Adverb
9. A. Adjective
B. Adverb
C. Conjunction
D. Preposition
5. A. Preposition
B. Interjection
C. Conjunction
D. Verb
10. A. Preposition
B. Adverb
C. Conjunction
D. Verb
PART THREE. Underline the verbs twice in the following sentences and label them as
either action (AV) or linking (LV).
1. Will Dad go to the Ice Follies with us?
2. That boy could have been a leader.
3. You and I finished that argument yesterday.
4. The girls experimented with their toy chemistry set.
5. Everyone should be happy about her return.
6. Show me the way to get there.
7. I looked the pictures over.
8. She looked very sweet at the wedding.
9. I felt the danger in the back of my neck.
10. It didn’t feel right.
PART FOUR. In the following sentences, choose either the adjective or the adverb. The
first word is always the adjective; the second word is always the adverb.
1. Now the students in her class speak Spanish (fluent, fluently).
2. Now the students in her class speak (fluent, fluently) Spanish.
3. We are always warned to move (slow, slowly) when we are in the halls.
4. Do you think I should feel (bad, badly) about the test?
5. Hold on (tight, tightly) and don't look down.
6. I spoke too (hasty, hastily).
7. The toddler seemed very (unsteady, unsteadily) on his feet.
8. You can get there (easy, easily) from here.
9. Tom found the way to the movie theater (quick, quickly).
10. Your voice sounds (loud, loudly) on the speaker.
PART FIVE. Put parenthesis around the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.
There is only one prepositional phrase in each sentence.
1. The box of books may arrive today.
2. The little boy was helped by his teacher.
3. Would you enjoy a slice of Mom’s pie?
4. Dad is making arrangements for his vacation.
5. My horse galloped across the field.
6. Elaine may help in the library.
PART SIX. COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a complete sentence using the word “most” as a pronoun subject.
2. Write a complete sentence about Muskegon using the word “most” as an adjective.
3. Write a complete sentence about pets using the correlative conjunction “neither…nor” to
join TWO pronouns.
4. Write a complete sentence about your favorite place that contains two prepositional phrases.
5. Write a complete sentence using the coordinating conjunction “and” connecting TWO
linking verbs.
6. Write a complete sentence that uses the adverb “soon” to modify an action verb.
7. Write a complete sentence using “look” as an action verb followed by a prep. phrase.
8. Write a complete sentence that uses “look” as a linking verb followed by TWO adjectives
connected by the coordinating conjunction “and.”
9. Write a complete sentence that begins with an adverb clause beginning with the
subordinating conjunction “since.”
10. Write a complete sentence that contains a prepositional phrase beginning with “between”
and using TWO personal pronouns as the objects of the preposition.