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Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 4 Present progressive In English The present progressive is used to refer to actions that are in progress at the present time. It is formed by combining the present tense of to be with the present participle, or -ing form of the verb. My brothers are working at the restaurant. The present progressive is also used to talk about future events in English. Next year I’m going to Puerto Rico. A Rewrite the following sentences in the present progressive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. My nieces are sleeping. My nieces sleep. ____________________________________________ ________ My dad watches television. _______________________________________________________ My brothers play cards. __________________________________________________________ I make dinner. _________________________________________________________________ My mother helps me.____________________________________________________________ My grandfather reads. ___________________________________________________________ My aunt walks the dog. __________________________________________________________ The children play games. _________________________________________________________ In Spanish The present progressive is also used to talk about actions that are in progress at the present time. Mis hermanos están trabajando en el restaurante. The present progressive is formed by combining the present tense of estar and the present participle, or the -ando/-iendo form of the verb. Some Spanish present participles are irregular: caer → cayendo decir → diciendo dormir → durmiendo ir → yendo leer → leyendo mentir → mintiendo morir → muriendo pedir → pidiendo poder → pudiendo seguir → siguiendo traer → trayendo Andar and seguir can be used in place of estar to form the present progressive. Mi nieto anda gritando todo el día. My grandson goes around yelling all day. Su cuñada sigue hablando de la boda. His/Her sister-in-law keeps talking about the wedding. B Rewrite the following sentences in the present progressive. Mi hermano está hablando. 1. Mi hermano habla. ___________________________________________ _____ 2. Mi hermanastra escucha. _________________________________________________________ Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 135 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 4 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 3. La tía Ana prepara la comida. _____________________________________________________ 4. Yo pruebo la sopa. ______________________________________________________________ 5. Luis pone la mesa. ______________________________________________________________ 6. Papá me pasa los platos. _________________________________________________________ 7. Abuela descansa. _______________________________________________________________ 8. Mamá sirve pollo frito. ___________________________________________ C Imagine you are at a family reunion. Use the verbs in the box to write six sentences telling what everyone is doing. Use the present progressive with estar, andar, or seguir. contar (chistes) bailar servir D comer hablar dormir discutir preparar sacar (fotos) jugar In English, we use the present progressive to say I am going, or I am coming, but in Spanish the simple present tense is used to express these ideas. With this in mind, how would you translate the following conversation? —Are you coming with me to the family reunion? —No, I’m going with Laura. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 136 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO Present perfect indicative and subjunctive 4 In English The present perfect indicative is used to say what has or has not happened in a period of time up to the present. It is formed with the present tense of the verb to have and the past participle of the main verb: (I, you) have, (he, she, it) has, (we, you, they) have + past participle. Isabel has changed her e-mail address. The students have broken the computer. Regular past participles are formed by adding -ed to the verb stem. Irregular past participles must be memorized. The present perfect is often used in the subordinate clause of a sentence where the main clause makes some kind of comment on a recent action. It surprises me that they have separated. It is sad that Luisa has not seen her boyfriend. A Circle the form of the verb to have and underline the past participle in the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Emma and Pablo have planned the wedding. They have finished everything. She has found a dress. Her sisters have picked the invitations. We have looked at places for the reception. Emma has never been so happy. In Spanish The present perfect indicative describes what has or has not happened in a period of time up to the present. It is formed with the present tense of the verb haber and the past participle of the main verb: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + past participle. Isabel ha cambiado su dirección de correo electrónico. Los estudiantes han roto la computadora. Regular past participles are formed by adding -ado (-ar verbs) or -ido (-er/-ir verbs) to the verb stem. Irregular past participles must be memorized. The present perfect subjunctive is often used in the subordinate clause when the main clause expresses feelings or judgments about something that has or has not happened. It is formed with the present subjunctive of the verb haber and the past participle of the main verb: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan + past participle. Me sorprende que ellos se hayan separado. Es triste que Luisa no haya visto a su novio. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 137 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE B 4 Circle the form of haber and underline the past participle in each sentence. Then, indicate whether the verb is in the indicative (I) or subjunctive (S) mood. I S 1. Juan y Ana se han comprometido. ✓ 2. Me sorprende que hayan decidido casarse tan pronto. 3. Es bueno que ellos hayan hablado con sus familias. 4. La mamá de Juan ha pasado mucho tiempo con Ana. 5. Me alegra que ellas se hayan hecho amigas. 6. Ellas han discutido mucho en el pasado. 7. Es una lástima que hayan tenido problemas. 8. Pero por fin todos han hecho las paces. C Combine the two sentences using the present perfect indicative or subjunctive. 1. Mónica y Jorge se han casado. Es lógico. Es lógico que Mónica y Jorge se hayan casado. ______________________________________________________ _______________ 2. Su padrastro les ha dado consejos sobre la boda. Eso creo. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Sus padres han dejado de hablarse. Es triste. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. Ellos se han separado. Es verdad. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. La madre no viene a la boda. Me sorprende. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ D The present perfect and the simple past (preterite) are both used to talk about the past. What is the difference in meaning? Use the sample sentences as a guide. PRESENT PERFECT He viajado a España. He visto a la profesora. PRETERITE Viajé a España el verano pasado. Vi a la profesora. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 138 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 4 Se + indirect object pronouns In English When talking about unintentional events we sometimes make the object of the verb the subject: The glass broke. (Instead of I broke the glass.) The book fell. (Instead of I dropped the book.) The board game was left out. (Instead of I left the board game out.) Very often, however, the object of the action stays in the object position: I lost my keys. Janet accidentally dropped the cake. A Underline the subject and circle the verb. Then mark the appropriate column to tell whether the sentence describes an intentional (I) or unintentional (U) event. I U 1. My books fell. ✓ 2. Emma found her keys. 3. I lost my pen. 4. The cake burned. 5. My mom made cookies. 6. The little girl’s ice cream fell. 7. My dad’s shirt got torn. 8. Brendan did his homework. In Spanish The object also often becomes the subject when talking about or referring to unintentional events. The formula is: se + indirect object pronoun + verb + subject. A Laura se le rompieron los vasos. Laura broke the glasses. A los niños se les olvidó la tarea. The children forgot their homework. The indirect object pronoun refers to the person affected by the event; the verb agrees with the object(s) involved and is always in the third person singular or plural. Verbs in Spanish that people often use when talking about unintentional events are: acabar, caer, olvidar, perder, quedar, quemar, or romper. In Spanish, the definite article is usually used instead of the possessive adjective. Se le perdieron las llaves. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 139 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 4 SE + INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS B Underline the subject and circle the verb. Then mark the appropriate column to tell whether the sentence refers to an intentional (I) or unintentional (U) event. I 1. Se me cayeron los libros. U ✓ 2. Carmen llamó a Pedro. 3. A Eva se le olvidó la tarea. 4. ¿Se te quemó el bizcocho? 5. Mi mamá preparó la comida. 6. A la niña se le cayó el helado. 7. A mi papá se le rompió la computadora. 8. Yo dejé el libro en la mesa. C Answer these questions using se + indirect object pronoun and the information in parentheses to indicate an unintentional event. 1. Aquí tienes la cuenta... ¿dónde está tu billetera? (yo / perder) ¡Ay, se me perdió la billetera! ______________________________________________________________ 2. ¿El bizcocho está listo? (Lourdes / quemar) ______________________________________________________________ 3. ¿Tienes la tarea? (yo / olvidar) ______________________________________________________________ 4. ¿Pusieron Carlos y Tere la mesa? (ellos / romper el vaso) ______________________________________________________________ 5. ¿Por qué está en el piso la comida? (Ricardo / caer el plato) ______________________________________________________________ D We do not always use the object as the subject to describe unintentional events in English. How would you translate the following sentences? Is there more than one way to translate them? 1. Se me olvidaron las llaves. ______________________________________________________________ 2. Se me acabó la comida. ______________________________________________________________ Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 140 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 4 Past progressive In English The past progressive is used to refer to actions in progress at some point in the past. The chef was cooking a turkey. The past progressive is formed by combining the past tense of to be + the present participle of the main verb. The past progressive is often used for an action in progress that was interrupted by another event. The interrupting event is expressed with the simple past tense. The chef was cooking a turkey when he ran out of salt. A Underline the verb in the past progressive and circle the verb in the simple past tense in the following sentences. 1. I was chopping the celery when I cut my finger. 2. When you served dinner, Lisa’s mouth was watering. 3. Were you eating dinner when I called? 4. I was making the cake when Lisa walked in. 5. She was talking to Patrick when I hid it in the refrigerator. 6. Lisa was finishing dinner when we lit the candles. 7. When she turned around, we were singing. 8. The children were sleeping when she left. In Spanish The past progressive is also used to talk about past actions in progress. El cocinero estaba preparando un pavo. The past progressive is formed by combining the imperfect of estar + the present participle of the main verb. The past progressive is often used to refer to an action in progress that was interrupted by another event. The interrupting event is expressed with the preterite. El cocinero estaba preparando un pavo cuando se le acabó la sal. B Underline the verb in the past progressive and circle the verb in the preterite tense in the following sentences. 1. Los niños estaban jugando cuando los llamé. 2. Estaba cortando la sandía cuando me corté el dedo. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 141 Nombre Clase Fecha CAPÍTULO 4 PAST PROGRESSIVE 3. ¿Estabas durmiendo cuando puse la mesa? 4. Cuando el bebé empezó a llorar, estábamos viendo el video. 5. María estaba probando la limonada cuando se le cayó el vaso. 6. Mamá estaba preparando una ensalada de frutas cuando llegué con las fresas. 7. Cuando llegaron los invitados, tú estabas hablando conmigo en la cocina. 8. Los niños estaban comiendo dulces de coco cuando empezó la fiesta. C Complete these sentences with the past progressive or preterite of the verb in parentheses. 1. Yo (ver) la televisión cuando (llamar) Rosa con la noticia. 2. El abuelo (esperar) en la sala de espera cuando (nacer) su nieto. 3. Cuando Isabel (llegar) con el bebé, papá (trabajar). 4. El bebé (dormir) cuando nosotros (entrar) en el cuarto. 5. Cuando Isabel (levantarse) por la mañana, yo (desayunar). D 6. Nosotros (reírse) mucho cuando ella nos (enseñar) los zapatitos del bebé. 7. Adriana y Laura (sacar) fotos cuando el bebé (dormirse) otra vez. How does the past progressive differ from the imperfect for describing the setting in the past? Explain the difference in meaning between the following sentences. a. Estaba nevando cuando empezamos a esquiar. b. Nevaba mucho en las montañas donde vivía de niño. Holt Spanish 3 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Grammar Tutor 142