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Rome Impact of Geography on Rome: How might Geography effected the emergence of
the Roman Civilizations?
Geography •  The geography of the Italian peninsula made it easier for the Romans to have a centralized government. •  It is 750 miles long and divided by the Apennine Mountains. –  However, the mountains are not as rugged as those on the Balkan peninsula •  Means, more farmland was available. -­‐  Rome was favorably located inland on the Tiber River about the center of the peninsula. -  Built on 7 hills
which made it
easily defendable
-­‐  It was a natural stopping point for travelers of the Mediterranean Sea. Ancient Peoples who became the Romans •  Between 750-­‐600 BCE Greek Colonists from Athens arrive and seLle in Southern Italy •  Etruscans – from Etruria in the North –  They controlled the area just north of Rome, conquered it and made it a city. –  The Romans borrowed from the Etruscans the organizaQon of their army, grapes, olives, and early forms of government On the road to a Republic –  Early Rome was ruled by a King, many who were Etruscans –  In 509 BCE the Romans overthrew a Etruscan king and established a Republic. •  In a republic the power is in the hands of representaQves and leaders are elected by the people –  Enemies surrounded Rome, so the young republic began a period of conQnuous warfare. •  They defeated the last of the Etruscans, the Greeks Society was divided among 3 major groups: -­‐ At the top were the nobles, called patricians, aristocraQc landowners, that formed the ruling class of the Roman Republic & held key military & gov’t posiQons. -­‐ (made up 5% of Roman ciQzens) The Life of the Patricians Society was divided among 3 major groups: -­‐  Most people were commoners, called plebeians, who were farmers, shopkeepers, or peasants; Plebeians paid the majority of taxes -­‐  (made up 95% of Roman ciQzens) The Life of the Plebeians Society was divided among 3 major groups: At the boLom of society were slaves & other non-­‐Roman ciQzens ROLES OF WOMEN, CHILDREN, FAMILIES -­‐  Life and family in Greece -­‐  Families – Social structure for most socieQes -­‐  Women and children – Lack of power, influence, and inequality -­‐  Sparta boys sent to military school at young age -­‐  Life and family in Rome -­‐  Family at the heart of Rome society. -­‐  By law and custom, the eldest man, known as the paterfamilias, or “father of the family,” had power to rule the household. He controlled all property and had authority over all family members. -­‐  Roman women – Nearly social equals of men, ran the household and were given authority and respect. Had personal freedom, could own property and could tesQfy in court -­‐  So how did the roles of women differ between Greece and Rome? -­‐  Roman women were nearly social equals to men Strengths of the Republic –  Rome’s central locaQon in the Mediterranean. Sea –  Family values held together by affecQon and necessiQes of both parents –  Military strength through a well trained ciQzen soldier –  Roads built by soldiers –  Wise leadership, good organizaQon skills, delegate authority to local leaders The Roman Military Rome was protected by an advanced army that was divided into groups of 5,000 soldiers called legions Each legion was divided into smaller groups of 80 men called a century Government –  There were 2 Consuls at the top who were voted into office for 1 year terms. –  Praetors – were judges –  Senate – 300 Patricians elected and evolved into having the rule of law. •  Most powerful part of the Republic •  Later, 471 BCE “Council of Plebs” gave more power to the plebeians. –  These officials were called Tribunes. This body didn’t have near as much power as the senate •  Like Greek Democracy, the Republic also granted ciQzens parQcipaQon in government through voQng. –  Adapted from the Greek Ecclesia (Assembly) •  The earliest aLempt by the Romans to create a Code of Law was the Twelve Tables. –  called for the fair administraQon of laws. –  state that all free ciQzens should be protected by the law –  They were hung in the forum for all ciQzens to see Punic Wars (264 – 133 BCE) •  The Punic War were a pivotal event in history. –  They decided who would control the Central & Western Mediterranean Sea trade. •  The rival of the Romans were the Carthaginians whose most important city was Carthage. •  Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians in 800 BCE and flourished as a trading empire that controlled the Mediterranean Sea from Sicily to the Spanish coastline. !
•  1st War -­‐Romans and Carthaginians began to have conflicts over the island of Sicily. Aler building up a navy, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in 241 BCE. This was a big upset. •  The truce agreement awarded Rome control of Spain and Carthage had to pay Rome tribute money. •  2nd War – The next war was a war of revenge by the Carthaginians. •  Hannibal aLacked the Italian Pen. via crossing Med. Sea through Spain then the Alps with elephants •  Strategy of the Romans was to aLack Carthage so Hannibal had to defend Carthage •  the Romans crushed Hannibal’s forces –  Result Carthage had to pay a tribute tax to Rome. •  3rd War – Over the next 50 years Carthage slowly gained power –  This didn’t set well, because the Romans loathed the Carthaginians and decided to wipe Carthage out. –  Rome blockaded the city and then aLacked Carthage and demolished it. •  Tilled salt into the soil and Carthage became a Roman Province. The POW were sold into slavery. Collapse of the Republic •  The Punic Wars helped to bring about the collapse of the Republic. •  Many small farmers coming back from the wars lost their farms. •  Aristocrats began to rely on slave labor which put many plebeians out of work. •  The army system was hurt as generals began to have more pull with the soldiers than the republic. •  Troops are paid which stained the economy. •  Landless poor go to the ciQes & sQll can’t find work. First Triumvirate -­‐  In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined forces with Pompey (military general) & Crassus (rich patrician who helped get Caesar started) to form the First Triumvirate -­‐  With help of the Triumvirate, Caesar was elected Consul; for 10 years this Triumvirate controlled the Senate The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar -­‐ 
-­‐ 
Julius Caesar took advantage of the chaos in Rome & was named dictator in 46 B.C. Caesar’s reforms -­‐ 
granted ciQzenship to many people -­‐ 
added Senate representaQves from new provinces (but took away much of their power) -­‐ 
provided jobs/ public works projects -­‐ 
Landless poor gain land by going to colonies -­‐ 
Welfare / free grain to the poorest
-­‐  Many Senators feared Caesar’s popularity & power as dictator of Rome In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar The assassinaQon led to another civil war led by Caesar’s adopted nephew Octavian & his best general, Marc Antony •  2nd Triumvirate –  Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus •  Civil War – Lepidus was pushed to the side, Octavian and Marc split the Empire, then go to war fighQng in Greece •  At the BaLle of AcQum (Greece) in 31 bce, Roman leader Octavian wins a decisive victory against the forces of Roman Mark Antony and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt (they then commit suicide) The Rise of the Roman Empire •  Octavian emerges as the unchallenged leader of Rome, and is renamed Augustus “Exalted One,” and became the 1st emperor Rome –  is now referred to as Caesar. •  Augustus proclaimed to restore the Republic, but further promoted the Empire. –  Under Augustus, Rome was ruled as an empire; the Senate sQll met but the emperor had all the real power •  Aler his death, the 1st 4 emperors were relaQves of Augustus and poor rulers. Pax Romana (27 bce-­‐ 180 ce) •  Time of Roman Peace and prosperity. •  The empire has 5 Good Emperors in a row who promote posiQve policies and in general the economy is strong and there is peace. –  Nerva / Trajan / Hadrian / Antoninus Pius / Marcus Aurelius . Pax Romana •  Marcus – stopped arbitrary execuQons, respected the ruling class, maintained peace, took more power from the Senate, implemented widespread building projects, aqueducts, bridges, roads, harbors, the innovaQon of concrete. •  Efficient administraQve and taxaQon structures allowed the extensive empire’s long existence. •  Commerce was regulated to secure vital grain supplies. •  Public works facilitated both commercial and military needs, and provided ameniQes -­‐ baths, stadiums -­‐ for large urban populaQons. During the Pax Romana, the empire expanded to its height & brought great wealth to Rome The Pax Romana became the “golden age” of Rome as emperors like Augustus built roads & a merit-­‐based bureaucracy to rule the empire Architecture •  Engineering advances permiLed increases in size and were adapted to Greek forms. •  Roman arches were unsurpassed •  An aqueduct pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated areas Art –  Romans developed a taste for Greek art and literature in the 2nd & 3rd centuries. –  Greek reproducQons became popular, but Roman art was more realisQc than the Greek idealism. Sarcophagus of the Muses Laocoon and his sons Augustus of Primaporta Religion •  Early religion was based on Greek gods with Roman names (Juno, Jupiter, Minerva, Mars) Later, during the empire, emperor worship was enforced. –  Romans tolerated local religions as long as people bowed to Caesar ChrisQanity •  Problems for Jews & ChrisQans (who wouldn’t bow to Caesar) –  Zealots were Jews who advocated over throwing the Roman Govt. •  They were crushed in 66 CE and their temple was destroyed •  ChrisQanity is the religion based on the teachings of Jesus, who preached forgiveness, mercy, and sympathy for the poor. ChrisQans believed Jesus was the son of God who sacrificed himself to save mankind –  A convert Paul (Roman ciQzen) spread this new religion in much of the Roman Empire during the Qme of the Pax Romana –  PersecuQon of ChrisQans peaked during Nero’s reign in 54-­‐68 CE. –  Instead of weakening the religion, persecuQon seemed to strengthen the movement. •  Emperor ConstanQne issued the The “Edict of Milan” which established Rome as the official center of the ChrisQan Church –  the edict stated that ChrisQans should be allowed to follow the faith without oppression •  This removed penalQes for professing ChrisQanity –  ConstanQne becomes the 1st ChrisQan Emperor of Rome •  ConstanQne splits the empire into East and West. –  He moved the official capital from Rome to a new city in the East, called ConstanQnople •  JusQnian’s Code of Laws: Was the foundaQon for Western legal tradiQon