* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Useful First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Proto-Indo-European verbs wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic weak verb wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho verbs wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek verbs wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin conjugation wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Kagoshima verb conjugations wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Dutch grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-179267-7 MHID: 0-07-179267-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-149487-8, MHID: 0-07-149487-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at [email protected]. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education. (“McGraw-Hill Education”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Per Ronni, mia moglie dolce guida e cara Dante Alighieri, Paradiso XXIII, 34 David M. Stillman Per mia madre Paola, mio padre Roberto e mia sorella Claudia, che hanno sempre creduto nei miei sogni Tiziano Cherubini Contents Preface I Verbs—Forms and Uses 1 The Present Tense of Regular Verbs 3 An Introduction to Conjugation First-Conjugation Verbs Second-Conjugation Verbs Third-Conjugation Verbs: Group I Third-Conjugation Verbs: Group II Uses of the Present Tense 2 The Present Tense of Irregular Verbs Essere and avere Andare and fare Dovere, potere, and volere Venire and tenere Uscire and morire Dare and stare Bere, condurre, and dire Rimanere, salire, spegnere, and valere Sapere Expressions with Irregular Verbs Two Obsolete Verbs 3 The Passato Prossimo Formation of the Past Participle Auxiliaries with the Passato Prossimo Uses of the Passato Prossimo 4 The Imperfect Tense; The Imperfect Tense vs. the Passato Prossimo Formation of the Imperfect Tense Basic Uses of the Imperfect Tense The Imperfect Contrasted with the Passato Prossimo Special Uses of the Imperfect Tense 5 The Future and Conditional Tenses Formation of the Future Tense Basic Uses of the Future Tense The Future of Conjecture and Probability Other Uses of the Future Tense Formation of the Conditional Tense Uses of the Conditional Tense 6 The Imperative The Informal Imperative The Formal Imperative The noi Imperative Irregular Imperatives 7 Reflexive Verbs The Conjugation of Reflexive Verbs Transitive Verbs vs. Reflexive Verbs The Infinitive of Reflexive Verbs The Passato Prossimo of Reflexive Verbs The Passato Prossimo with dovere, potere, and volere and Reflexive Verbs Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs The Imperative of Reflexive Verbs Reflexive Verbs: Special Cases 8 Other Compound Tenses The Pluperfect (Past Perfect) Tense The Future Perfect Tense The Conditional Perfect Tense Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Discourse 9 The Passato Remoto and Trapassato Remoto Formation of the Passato Remoto Use of the Passato Remoto Formation of the Trapassato Remoto Use of the Trapassato Remoto 10 Participles The Past Participle The Gerund 11 The Passive Voice Formation of the Passive Voice Other Constructions with Passive Meaning 12 The Infinitive The Functions of the Infinitive II Nouns and Their Modifiers; Pronouns 13 Nouns and Articles Nouns and Definite and Indefinite Articles The Plural of Nouns The Partitive Article The Gender of Nouns Uses of the Articles Prepositions Combined with the Definite Article 14 Adjectives Agreement of Adjectives Position of Adjectives Irregular Adjectives Comparison of Adjectives, Adverbs, Nouns, and Verbs Intensifying Adjectives and Absolute Superlatives Expressions with Comparative Structures Adjective + Preposition + Infinitive 15 Object Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns The Pronouns ci and vi The Pronoun ne Double Object Pronouns Summary of the Placement of Object Pronouns Stressed Pronouns 16 Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Possession Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative Pronouns III Other Elements of the Sentence 17 Numbers; Time; Dates Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers Idioms and Expressions with Numbers Expressing Centuries Telling Time Days of the Week and Months of the Year The Date 18 Adverbs Adverbs of Manner Adverbs Not Derived from Adjectives Position of Adverbs Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Place Adverbial Expressions Adverbs in -oni 19 Interrogative Sentences Question Formation More on Question Words Exclamations 20 Negative and Indefinite Words Negative Words and Sentences Indefinite Words and Sentences Idiomatic Uses of Negative and Indefinite Words 21 Prepositions The Preposition a The Preposition di The Preposition da The Preposition in The Preposition con The Preposition su The Preposition sotto The Prepositions fra and tra The Preposition per Other Prepositions IV The Complex Sentence and Other Aspects of Usage 22 Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses The Relative Pronoun che The Relative Pronoun cui The Relative Pronouns il quale, la quale, i quali, le quali Relative Pronouns Expressing “Whose,” “Where,” and “When” Relative Pronouns Without Antecedents 23 The Present Subjunctive Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions The Subjunctive Uses of the Present Subjunctive in Noun Clauses 24 The Subjunctive in Adjective and Adverb Clauses Adjective Clauses Adverb Clauses 25 The Imperfect Subjunctive Formation of the Imperfect Subjunctive Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses Conditional Sentences: Part 1 26 Compound Subjunctive Tenses Formation of the Present Perfect Subjunctive Uses of the Present Perfect Subjunctive Formation of the Past Perfect Subjunctive Uses of the Past Perfect Subjunctive Conditional Sentences: Part 2 27 Word Formation Prefixes Suffixes Example Prefixes and Suffixes: Regola as a Root Compound Words 28 Potential Pitfalls How to Say “to Know”: sapere and conoscere How to Say “to Leave”: partire, lasciare, uscire, and andarsene How to Say “to Be”: essere and stare How to Say “to Like” and “to Miss”: piacere and mancare Answer Key Index Preface A different language is a different vision of life. —Federico Fellini Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom. —Roger Bacon The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice is designed to provide advanced beginners, intermediate students, and advanced learners of Italian with a powerful tool for review and progress in the language. This book presents clear, concise, and well-organized grammar explanations with examples that reflect everyday usage, often in the form of conversational exchanges. These presentations of structure are easy to understand, and the examples will encourage learners to see the study of grammar as a stepping-stone to communication. Each grammar section contains engaging, contextualized exercises with instructions in Italian to help set the scene and prepare you for the task at hand. Vocabulary lists provide a review of the vocabulary common to most first- and second-year Italian textbooks, as well as new words and phrases essential for the exercise, thus increasing your vocabulary and enhancing your ability to express yourself on a variety of topics. Exercises reflect authentic, everyday language usage and touch on all areas of modern life, including business, professional life, and technology. The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice has 28 chapters divided into four parts: I Verbs—Forms and Uses II Nouns and Their Modifiers; Pronouns III Other Elements of the Sentence IV The Complex Sentence and Other Aspects of Usage Note culturali are featured throughout the book. These cultural notes enhance the effectiveness of the grammar exercises by providing an authentic Italian context in which to practice, as well as acquainting users of the textbook with contemporary Italy. To further your progress, we have also included a chapter on word formation and a chapter that aims to help you eliminate potential pitfalls —the most common errors made by English-speaking learners of Italian. The Answer Key at the end of the book allows you to check your work as you progress through the exercises. A unique feature of The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice are the Note linguistiche for students who come to their study of Italian after having studied Spanish or French. These sections highlight important points of contrast between Italian and the other Romance languages, thus helping learners avoid common errors deriving from their knowledge of French and Spanish. The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice is ideal for learners working on their own and as an ancillary for students using a textbook in a classroom setting. Chapters may be covered in any order, permitting learners and teachers to individualize grammar practice. Practical, inviting, and easy to use, The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice will help you acquire knowledge that will increase your confidence in using and comprehending Italian in a wide variety of contexts and situations, and that will prepare you for professional work involving the language—as well as for visits to Italy. David M. Stillman, PhD Tiziano Cherubini, MA I Verbs—Forms and Uses 1 The Present Tense of Regular Verbs An Introduction to Conjugation Verbs are presented in conjugation paradigms that summarize the forms that the verbs have in each tense. Verbs are said to have three persons: the speaker, the person spoken to, and a third person, referring neither to the speaker nor the person spoken to. Italian, like English, has two numbers: singular and plural. The pattern used in the presentation of verb forms can be summarized by introducing the subject pronouns. The persons of the verb and their corresponding pronouns in English are as follows. The persons of the verb and their corresponding pronouns in Italian are as follows. Differences Between English and Italian English has only one form for you; Italian has four. Tu is a singular form and is informal; it is used to address one person with whom you have an informal relationship: a family member, a close friend, a fellow student, etc. Voi is the plural of tu and is used to address two or more people with whom you have an informal relationship. To address someone with whom you have a formal relationship, Italian uses the pronoun Lei. Lei meaning you is distinguished from lei meaning she in writing by beginning with an uppercase L, even in the middle of a sentence. In formal Italian, Loro is the plural of Lei and is used to address two or more people with whom you have a formal relationship. The L of Loro meaning you is capitalized in writing to distinguish it from loro meaning they. In contemporary Italian, voi serves as the plural of both tu and Lei, while Loro is limited to elevated or bureaucratic style. In literary, formal, or archaic Italian, you may encounter the pronouns egli/esso he, ella/essa she, essi they (masculine), and esse they (feminine). In English, subject pronouns must be used with verbs. In Italian, however, the forms of the verb change to show who the subject is, and pronouns are used only for emphasis or contrast. Italian verbs are divided into three groups, called conjugations. Each conjugation has a characteristic ending in its infinitive form. When the infinitive ending is removed, the stem of the verb remains. The second and third conjugations have subgroups as well. Regular verbs of each of the three conjugations follow set patterns. Stress in Italian Verbs The stress pattern of present-tense verb forms is not indicated by Italian spelling. The singular forms and the third-person plural forms are stressed on the stem: parlo, parli, parla, parlano. The noi and voi forms are stressed on the endings: parliamo, parlate. (The stressed vowel is underlined in this book as a help to students; it is not used in Italian spelling.) The singular and third-person plural forms of most present-tense Italian verbs are stressed on the syllable before the ending: aiuto, ammiri, analizza, prenotano. However, a considerable number of verbs are stressed two syllables back from the ending. This irregularity is not shown in Italian spelling; it is indicated in the verb lists of this book by underlining the stressed vowel of the io form in parentheses after the infinitive. accelerare (io accelero) to accelerate The remaining forms of the present tense can be deduced from the form in parentheses: acceleri, accelera, acceleriamo, accelerate, accelerano. First-Conjugation Verbs Verbs of the first conjugation (-are verbs) are conjugated like parlare to speak. Useful First-Conjugation Verbs abbandonare to abandon abbassare to lower, pull down; to turn down (the radio), dim (a light) abbinare to combine, link accelerare (io accelero) to accelerate aiutare to help allenare to exercise, train alzare to raise amare to love ammirare to admire analizzare to analyze annoiare to bore, annoy, bother annotare to jot down apprezzare to value, appreciate arredare to furnish arrestare to arrest arrivare to arrive ascoltare to listen to aspettare to wait for attraversare to cross aumentare to increase ballare to dance brindare to propose/make a toast buttare to throw camminare to walk cantare to sing celebrare (io celebro) to celebrate cenare to have dinner, dine chiamare to call circondare to surround combinare to arrange, settle, plan comprare to buy consegnare to hand over, deliver conservare to keep, preserve considerare (io considero) to consider contare to count controllare to check, inspect creare to create cucinare to cook depositare (io deposito) to deposit, leave desiderare (io desidero) to desire digitare (io digito) to type disegnare to sketch, draw, outline; to design disturbare to bother, trouble, disturb diventare to become domandare to ask (for) dubitare (io dubito) to doubt durare to last entrare to come/go in esitare (io esito) to hesitate evitare (io evito) to avoid fermare to stop firmare to sign fissare to establish, fix, settle frequentare to attend, frequent fumare to smoke funzionare to function, work (of a machine) girare to turn, spin giurare to swear governare to govern gridare to shout guadagnare to earn guardare to look at guidare to drive immaginare (io immagino) to imagine imparare to learn incassare to cash; to take in money indossare to put on, wear indovinare to guess ingrassare to get fat, put on weight inquinare to pollute, contaminate insegnare to teach intervistare to interview invitare to invite lavare to wash lavorare to work lottare to struggle, fight, wrestle mandare to send migliorare to improve misurare to measure mostrare to show notare to notice nuotare to swim ordinare (io ordino) to order organizzare to organize paragonare to compare parlare to speak partecipare (io partecipo) to participate passare to pass; to spend time pattinare (io pattino) to skate; to skid pensare to think perdonare to pardon, forgive pesare to weigh; to be heavy piantare to plant; to abandon, dump portare to carry, bear; to take (someone somewhere); to wear pranzare to have lunch prenotare to reserve, book preparare to prepare presentare to present, introduce prestare to lend, loan provare to try, test; to experience raccomandare to recommend raccontare to tell about, narrate rappresentare to represent recitare (io recito) to act regalare to give as a gift respirare to breathe ricordare to remember; to remind ripassare to review (for exams, etc.) riposare to rest ritornare to return rubare to steal saltare to jump salutare to greet, say hello to scherzare to joke, jest scusare to excuse, forgive sembrare to seem sistemare to arrange, fix, set up sognare to dream sopportare to stand, bear, endure sorpassare to pass, go beyond sparare to shoot, fire spaventare to frighten sperare to hope spostare to move, shift, displace squillare to ring stampare to print stirare to iron suonare to sound; to play (an instrument) superare (io supero) to exceed, surpass, outdo telefonare (io telefono) to telephone tentare to try; to tempt tirare to pull tornare to return trovare to find urlare to scream, howl versare to pour vietare to prohibit, forbid visitare (io visito) to visit volare to fly votare to vote First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -care and -gare First-conjugation verbs whose stems end in -c or -g are regular in speech, but appear to be irregular in writing. These apparent irregularities can be predicted by the rules of Italian orthography. The sounds /k/ and /g/ are written as follows in Italian. Thus, verbs whose infinitives end in -care or -gare need to add h before the endings of the tu and noi forms. Useful First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -care and -gare annegare to drown bloccare to block caricare (io carico) to load cercare to look for comunicare (io comunico) to communicate dedicare (io dedico) to dedicate dimenticare (io dimentico) to forget distaccare to detach divulgare to divulge drogare to drug educare (io educo) to bring up; to educate elencare to list (names); to enumerate fabbricare (io fabbrico) to manufacture fantasticare (io fantastico) to daydream giocare to play giudicare (io giudico) to judge identificare (io identifico) to identify imbarcare to board; to put on board impiegare to use; to hire interrogare (io interrogo) to question investigare (io investigo) to investigate lastricare (io lastrico) to pave leccare to lick legare to tie (up) litigare (io litigo) to quarrel, argue lusingare to flatter mancare to be lacking masticare (io mastico) to chew navigare (io navigo) to sail, navigate obbligare (io obbligo) to force, oblige pagare to pay peccare to sin pescare to fish pregare to pray, ask, beg pubblicare (io pubblico) to publish recare to bring about, cause sbarcare to land, disembark sbrigare to accomplish, finish (a task) scaricare (io scarico) to download seccare to dry; to annoy slogare to dislocate, sprain soffocare (io soffoco) to suffocate stancare to tire toccare to touch traslocare to move (change residence) truccare to apply makeup (to someone) zoppicare (io zoppico) to limp First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -ciare, -giare, and -sciare The sounds /ch/ as in church, /j/ as in joy, and /sh/ as in show are written as follows in Italian. The i written before a, o, and u is not pronounced; it merely indicates the sound of the preceding consonant. When the tu and noi present-tense endings are added to the stem of one of these verbs, only one i is written. Study the conjugations of baciare, viaggiare, and lasciare. This single-i rule applies after both single and double c and g: baci, baciamo; abbracci, abbracciamo; mangi, mangiamo; viaggi, viaggiamo. Useful First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -ciare, -giare, and -sciare abbracciare to hug, embrace allacciare to tie, fasten annunciare to announce appoggiare to support; to lean (something) against arrangiare to arrange assaggiare to try, taste associare to associate baciare to kiss bocciare to reject, fail cacciare to hunt; to expel cominciare to begin danneggiare to damage, hurt ghiacciare to freeze, turn to ice incominciare to begin incoraggiare to encourage intrecciare to weave, intertwine lanciare to throw, toss; to launch lasciare to let; to leave (behind) mangiare to eat noleggiare to rent parcheggiare to park pareggiare to balance, make even passeggiare to walk, take a walk rinunciare to renounce, quit rovesciare to knock over scacciare to chase/drive away schiacciare to crush scocciare to bother, annoy viaggiare to travel First-Conjugation Verbs with Stems Ending in -i Most verbs whose stems end in -i are stressed on the vowel before the i in the singular and thirdperson plural forms. When the tu and noi endings are added to the stem of one of these verbs, only one i is written. In a few verbs with stems ending in -i, the i is the stem vowel, constitutes a syllable, and is stressed. In these verbs, the tu form is written with two is, and both are pronounced. In this book, the stressed i is underlined as a help to students; it is not used in Italian spelling.