Download Useful First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in

Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the
United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-0-07-179267-7
MHID:
0-07-179267-8
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-149487-8,
MHID: 0-07-149487-1.
All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after
every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit
of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations
appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales
promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at
[email protected].
TERMS OF USE
This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education. (“McGraw-Hill Education”) and its licensors
reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted
under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not
decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon,
transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without
McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use;
any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you
fail to comply with these terms.
THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO
GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS
OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY
INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR
OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or
guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation
will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or
anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages
resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed
through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any
indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or
inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause
arises in contract, tort or otherwise.
Per Ronni, mia moglie
dolce guida e cara
Dante Alighieri, Paradiso XXIII, 34
David M. Stillman
Per mia madre Paola, mio padre Roberto
e mia sorella Claudia,
che hanno sempre creduto nei miei sogni
Tiziano Cherubini
Contents
Preface
I Verbs—Forms and Uses
1 The Present Tense of Regular Verbs 3
An Introduction to Conjugation
First-Conjugation Verbs
Second-Conjugation Verbs
Third-Conjugation Verbs: Group I
Third-Conjugation Verbs: Group II
Uses of the Present Tense
2 The Present Tense of Irregular Verbs
Essere and avere
Andare and fare
Dovere, potere, and volere
Venire and tenere
Uscire and morire
Dare and stare
Bere, condurre, and dire
Rimanere, salire, spegnere, and valere
Sapere
Expressions with Irregular Verbs
Two Obsolete Verbs
3 The Passato Prossimo
Formation of the Past Participle
Auxiliaries with the Passato Prossimo
Uses of the Passato Prossimo
4 The Imperfect Tense; The Imperfect Tense vs. the Passato Prossimo
Formation of the Imperfect Tense
Basic Uses of the Imperfect Tense
The Imperfect Contrasted with the Passato Prossimo
Special Uses of the Imperfect Tense
5 The Future and Conditional Tenses
Formation of the Future Tense
Basic Uses of the Future Tense
The Future of Conjecture and Probability
Other Uses of the Future Tense
Formation of the Conditional Tense
Uses of the Conditional Tense
6 The Imperative
The Informal Imperative
The Formal Imperative
The noi Imperative
Irregular Imperatives
7 Reflexive Verbs
The Conjugation of Reflexive Verbs
Transitive Verbs vs. Reflexive Verbs
The Infinitive of Reflexive Verbs
The Passato Prossimo of Reflexive Verbs
The Passato Prossimo with dovere, potere, and volere and Reflexive Verbs
Reciprocal Reflexive Verbs
The Imperative of Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive Verbs: Special Cases
8 Other Compound Tenses
The Pluperfect (Past Perfect) Tense
The Future Perfect Tense
The Conditional Perfect Tense
Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Discourse
9 The Passato Remoto and Trapassato Remoto
Formation of the Passato Remoto
Use of the Passato Remoto
Formation of the Trapassato Remoto
Use of the Trapassato Remoto
10 Participles
The Past Participle
The Gerund
11 The Passive Voice
Formation of the Passive Voice
Other Constructions with Passive Meaning
12 The Infinitive
The Functions of the Infinitive
II Nouns and Their Modifiers; Pronouns
13 Nouns and Articles
Nouns and Definite and Indefinite Articles
The Plural of Nouns
The Partitive Article
The Gender of Nouns
Uses of the Articles
Prepositions Combined with the Definite Article
14 Adjectives
Agreement of Adjectives
Position of Adjectives
Irregular Adjectives
Comparison of Adjectives, Adverbs, Nouns, and Verbs
Intensifying Adjectives and Absolute Superlatives
Expressions with Comparative Structures
Adjective + Preposition + Infinitive
15 Object Pronouns
Direct Object Pronouns
Indirect Object Pronouns
The Pronouns ci and vi
The Pronoun ne
Double Object Pronouns
Summary of the Placement of Object Pronouns
Stressed Pronouns
16 Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Possession
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative Pronouns
III Other Elements of the Sentence
17 Numbers; Time; Dates
Cardinal Numbers
Ordinal Numbers
Idioms and Expressions with Numbers
Expressing Centuries
Telling Time
Days of the Week and Months of the Year
The Date
18 Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs Not Derived from Adjectives
Position of Adverbs
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Place
Adverbial Expressions
Adverbs in -oni
19 Interrogative Sentences
Question Formation
More on Question Words
Exclamations
20 Negative and Indefinite Words
Negative Words and Sentences
Indefinite Words and Sentences
Idiomatic Uses of Negative and Indefinite Words
21 Prepositions
The Preposition a
The Preposition di
The Preposition da
The Preposition in
The Preposition con
The Preposition su
The Preposition sotto
The Prepositions fra and tra
The Preposition per
Other Prepositions
IV The Complex Sentence and Other Aspects of Usage
22 Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses
The Relative Pronoun che
The Relative Pronoun cui
The Relative Pronouns il quale, la quale, i quali, le quali
Relative Pronouns Expressing “Whose,” “Where,” and “When”
Relative Pronouns Without Antecedents
23 The Present Subjunctive
Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions
The Subjunctive
Uses of the Present Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
24 The Subjunctive in Adjective and Adverb Clauses
Adjective Clauses
Adverb Clauses
25 The Imperfect Subjunctive
Formation of the Imperfect Subjunctive
Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
Conditional Sentences: Part 1
26 Compound Subjunctive Tenses
Formation of the Present Perfect Subjunctive
Uses of the Present Perfect Subjunctive
Formation of the Past Perfect Subjunctive
Uses of the Past Perfect Subjunctive
Conditional Sentences: Part 2
27 Word Formation
Prefixes
Suffixes
Example Prefixes and Suffixes: Regola as a Root
Compound Words
28 Potential Pitfalls
How to Say “to Know”: sapere and conoscere
How to Say “to Leave”: partire, lasciare, uscire, and andarsene
How to Say “to Be”: essere and stare
How to Say “to Like” and “to Miss”: piacere and mancare
Answer Key
Index
Preface
A different language is a different vision of life.
—Federico Fellini
Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
—Roger Bacon
The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice is designed to provide advanced beginners, intermediate
students, and advanced learners of Italian with a powerful tool for review and progress in the
language. This book presents clear, concise, and well-organized grammar explanations with examples
that reflect everyday usage, often in the form of conversational exchanges. These presentations of
structure are easy to understand, and the examples will encourage learners to see the study of
grammar as a stepping-stone to communication.
Each grammar section contains engaging, contextualized exercises with instructions in Italian to help
set the scene and prepare you for the task at hand. Vocabulary lists provide a review of the vocabulary
common to most first- and second-year Italian textbooks, as well as new words and phrases essential
for the exercise, thus increasing your vocabulary and enhancing your ability to express yourself on a
variety of topics. Exercises reflect authentic, everyday language usage and touch on all areas of
modern life, including business, professional life, and technology.
The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice has 28 chapters divided into four parts:
I Verbs—Forms and Uses
II Nouns and Their Modifiers; Pronouns
III Other Elements of the Sentence
IV The Complex Sentence and Other Aspects of Usage
Note culturali are featured throughout the book. These cultural notes enhance the effectiveness of
the grammar exercises by providing an authentic Italian context in which to practice, as well as
acquainting users of the textbook with contemporary Italy. To further your progress, we have also
included a chapter on word formation and a chapter that aims to help you eliminate potential pitfalls
—the most common errors made by English-speaking learners of Italian. The Answer Key at the end
of the book allows you to check your work as you progress through the exercises.
A unique feature of The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice are the Note linguistiche for students
who come to their study of Italian after having studied Spanish or French. These sections highlight
important points of contrast between Italian and the other Romance languages, thus helping learners
avoid common errors deriving from their knowledge of French and Spanish.
The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice is ideal for learners working on their own and as an
ancillary for students using a textbook in a classroom setting. Chapters may be covered in any order,
permitting learners and teachers to individualize grammar practice.
Practical, inviting, and easy to use, The Ultimate Italian Review and Practice will help you acquire
knowledge that will increase your confidence in using and comprehending Italian in a wide variety of
contexts and situations, and that will prepare you for professional work involving the language—as
well as for visits to Italy.
David M. Stillman, PhD
Tiziano Cherubini, MA
I
Verbs—Forms and Uses
1
The Present Tense of Regular Verbs
An Introduction to Conjugation
Verbs are presented in conjugation paradigms that summarize the forms that the verbs have in each
tense. Verbs are said to have three persons: the speaker, the person spoken to, and a third person,
referring neither to the speaker nor the person spoken to. Italian, like English, has two numbers:
singular and plural. The pattern used in the presentation of verb forms can be summarized by
introducing the subject pronouns.
The persons of the verb and their corresponding pronouns in English are as follows.
The persons of the verb and their corresponding pronouns in Italian are as follows.
Differences Between English and Italian
English has only one form for you; Italian has four. Tu is a singular form and is informal; it is used to
address one person with whom you have an informal relationship: a family member, a close friend, a
fellow student, etc. Voi is the plural of tu and is used to address two or more people with whom you
have an informal relationship. To address someone with whom you have a formal relationship,
Italian uses the pronoun Lei. Lei meaning you is distinguished from lei meaning she in writing by
beginning with an uppercase L, even in the middle of a sentence.
In formal Italian, Loro is the plural of Lei and is used to address two or more people with whom
you have a formal relationship. The L of Loro meaning you is capitalized in writing to distinguish
it from loro meaning they.
In contemporary Italian, voi serves as the plural of both tu and Lei, while Loro is limited to
elevated or bureaucratic style.
In literary, formal, or archaic Italian, you may encounter the pronouns egli/esso he, ella/essa she,
essi they (masculine), and esse they (feminine).
In English, subject pronouns must be used with verbs. In Italian, however, the forms of the verb
change to show who the subject is, and pronouns are used only for emphasis or contrast.
Italian verbs are divided into three groups, called conjugations. Each conjugation has a characteristic
ending in its infinitive form.
When the infinitive ending is removed, the stem of the verb remains.
The second and third conjugations have subgroups as well.
Regular verbs of each of the three conjugations follow set patterns.
Stress in Italian Verbs
The stress pattern of present-tense verb forms is not indicated by Italian spelling.
The singular forms and the third-person plural forms are stressed on the stem: parlo, parli, parla,
parlano. The noi and voi forms are stressed on the endings: parliamo, parlate. (The stressed vowel
is underlined in this book as a help to students; it is not used in Italian spelling.)
The singular and third-person plural forms of most present-tense Italian verbs are stressed on the
syllable before the ending: aiuto, ammiri, analizza, prenotano. However, a considerable number of
verbs are stressed two syllables back from the ending. This irregularity is not shown in Italian
spelling; it is indicated in the verb lists of this book by underlining the stressed vowel of the io form
in parentheses after the infinitive.
accelerare (io accelero) to accelerate
The remaining forms of the present tense can be deduced from the form in parentheses: acceleri,
accelera, acceleriamo, accelerate, accelerano.
First-Conjugation Verbs
Verbs of the first conjugation (-are verbs) are conjugated like parlare to speak.
Useful First-Conjugation Verbs
abbandonare to abandon
abbassare to lower, pull down; to turn down (the radio), dim (a light)
abbinare to combine, link
accelerare (io accelero) to accelerate
aiutare to help
allenare to exercise, train
alzare to raise
amare to love
ammirare to admire
analizzare to analyze
annoiare to bore, annoy, bother
annotare to jot down
apprezzare to value, appreciate
arredare to furnish
arrestare to arrest
arrivare to arrive
ascoltare to listen to
aspettare to wait for
attraversare to cross
aumentare to increase
ballare to dance
brindare to propose/make a toast
buttare to throw
camminare to walk
cantare to sing
celebrare (io celebro) to celebrate
cenare to have dinner, dine
chiamare to call
circondare to surround
combinare to arrange, settle, plan
comprare to buy
consegnare to hand over, deliver
conservare to keep, preserve
considerare (io considero) to consider
contare to count
controllare to check, inspect
creare to create
cucinare to cook
depositare (io deposito) to deposit, leave
desiderare (io desidero) to desire
digitare (io digito) to type
disegnare to sketch, draw, outline; to design
disturbare to bother, trouble, disturb
diventare to become
domandare to ask (for)
dubitare (io dubito) to doubt
durare to last
entrare to come/go in
esitare (io esito) to hesitate
evitare (io evito) to avoid
fermare to stop
firmare to sign
fissare to establish, fix, settle
frequentare to attend, frequent
fumare to smoke
funzionare to function, work (of a machine)
girare to turn, spin
giurare to swear
governare to govern
gridare to shout
guadagnare to earn
guardare to look at
guidare to drive
immaginare (io immagino) to imagine
imparare to learn
incassare to cash; to take in money
indossare to put on, wear
indovinare to guess
ingrassare to get fat, put on weight
inquinare to pollute, contaminate
insegnare to teach
intervistare to interview
invitare to invite
lavare to wash
lavorare to work
lottare to struggle, fight, wrestle
mandare to send
migliorare to improve
misurare to measure
mostrare to show
notare to notice
nuotare to swim
ordinare (io ordino) to order
organizzare to organize
paragonare to compare
parlare to speak
partecipare (io partecipo) to participate
passare to pass; to spend time
pattinare (io pattino) to skate; to skid
pensare to think
perdonare to pardon, forgive
pesare to weigh; to be heavy
piantare to plant; to abandon, dump
portare to carry, bear; to take (someone somewhere); to wear
pranzare to have lunch
prenotare to reserve, book
preparare to prepare
presentare to present, introduce
prestare to lend, loan
provare to try, test; to experience
raccomandare to recommend
raccontare to tell about, narrate
rappresentare to represent
recitare (io recito) to act
regalare to give as a gift
respirare to breathe
ricordare to remember; to remind
ripassare to review (for exams, etc.)
riposare to rest
ritornare to return
rubare to steal
saltare to jump
salutare to greet, say hello to
scherzare to joke, jest
scusare to excuse, forgive
sembrare to seem
sistemare to arrange, fix, set up
sognare to dream
sopportare to stand, bear, endure
sorpassare to pass, go beyond
sparare to shoot, fire
spaventare to frighten
sperare to hope
spostare to move, shift, displace
squillare to ring
stampare to print
stirare to iron
suonare to sound; to play (an instrument)
superare (io supero) to exceed, surpass, outdo
telefonare (io telefono) to telephone
tentare to try; to tempt
tirare to pull
tornare to return
trovare to find
urlare to scream, howl
versare to pour
vietare to prohibit, forbid
visitare (io visito) to visit
volare to fly
votare to vote
First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -care and -gare
First-conjugation verbs whose stems end in -c or -g are regular in speech, but appear to be irregular in
writing. These apparent irregularities can be predicted by the rules of Italian orthography.
The sounds /k/ and /g/ are written as follows in Italian.
Thus, verbs whose infinitives end in -care or -gare need to add h before the endings of the tu and noi
forms.
Useful First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -care and -gare
annegare to drown
bloccare to block
caricare (io carico) to load
cercare to look for
comunicare (io comunico) to communicate
dedicare (io dedico) to dedicate
dimenticare (io dimentico) to forget
distaccare to detach
divulgare to divulge
drogare to drug
educare (io educo) to bring up; to educate
elencare to list (names); to enumerate
fabbricare (io fabbrico) to manufacture
fantasticare (io fantastico) to daydream
giocare to play
giudicare (io giudico) to judge
identificare (io identifico) to identify
imbarcare to board; to put on board
impiegare to use; to hire
interrogare (io interrogo) to question
investigare (io investigo) to investigate
lastricare (io lastrico) to pave
leccare to lick
legare to tie (up)
litigare (io litigo) to quarrel, argue
lusingare to flatter
mancare to be lacking
masticare (io mastico) to chew
navigare (io navigo) to sail, navigate
obbligare (io obbligo) to force, oblige
pagare to pay
peccare to sin
pescare to fish
pregare to pray, ask, beg
pubblicare (io pubblico) to publish
recare to bring about, cause
sbarcare to land, disembark
sbrigare to accomplish, finish (a task)
scaricare (io scarico) to download
seccare to dry; to annoy
slogare to dislocate, sprain
soffocare (io soffoco) to suffocate
stancare to tire
toccare to touch
traslocare to move (change residence)
truccare to apply makeup (to someone)
zoppicare (io zoppico) to limp
First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -ciare, -giare, and -sciare
The sounds /ch/ as in church, /j/ as in joy, and /sh/ as in show are written as follows in Italian.
The i written before a, o, and u is not pronounced; it merely indicates the sound of the preceding
consonant.
When the tu and noi present-tense endings are added to the stem of one of these verbs, only one i is
written. Study the conjugations of baciare, viaggiare, and lasciare.
This single-i rule applies after both single and double c and g: baci, baciamo; abbracci, abbracciamo;
mangi, mangiamo; viaggi, viaggiamo.
Useful First-Conjugation Verbs Ending in -ciare, -giare, and -sciare
abbracciare to hug, embrace
allacciare to tie, fasten
annunciare to announce
appoggiare to support; to lean (something) against
arrangiare to arrange
assaggiare to try, taste
associare to associate
baciare to kiss
bocciare to reject, fail
cacciare to hunt; to expel
cominciare to begin
danneggiare to damage, hurt
ghiacciare to freeze, turn to ice
incominciare to begin
incoraggiare to encourage
intrecciare to weave, intertwine
lanciare to throw, toss; to launch
lasciare to let; to leave (behind)
mangiare to eat
noleggiare to rent
parcheggiare to park
pareggiare to balance, make even
passeggiare to walk, take a walk
rinunciare to renounce, quit
rovesciare to knock over
scacciare to chase/drive away
schiacciare to crush
scocciare to bother, annoy
viaggiare to travel
First-Conjugation Verbs with Stems Ending in -i
Most verbs whose stems end in -i are stressed on the vowel before the i in the singular and thirdperson plural forms.
When the tu and noi endings are added to the stem of one of these verbs, only one i is written. In a few
verbs with stems ending in -i, the i is the stem vowel, constitutes a syllable, and is stressed. In these
verbs, the tu form is written with two is, and both are pronounced.
In this book, the stressed i is underlined as a help to students; it is not used in Italian spelling.