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What are the three domains of life? Animal diversity 1 - Evolution of the animal body plan Bacteria Archaea Eukarya What are the kingdoms? Bacteria Arachaea protists Plantae Fungi Animalia Key concepts for today • Definition of an animal • Major phyla, and their relatedness (where they are on a tree) • Major stages in evolution of animal body plan and where they occurred 1 2 What features together define a member of the Kingdom Animalia? Phylogenies of the deep roots of life are controversial (not to memorize:) 2005 revision of Eukarya kingdoms: instead of three, six: four protist kingdoms, “Opisthokonta” (fungi + animals) and “Archaeplastida” (plants) Among protist systematists, even this arrangement is controversial. “I’ve seen people throw things at each other” one of the authors says. Your text book has a different arrangement of animal phyla. The one we will focus on today is used in Lab 4 - learn this one rather than the one in the book. Why can’t we reconstruct these ancient divisions with certainty? Multicellularity In what Kingdom do animal-like single celled creatures belong? Are all protists unicellular? What else is common to all animals? Heterotrophic life style Heterotrophic? Autotrophic? 3 2a What features together define a member of the Kingdom Animalia? Extracellular matrix (ECM) Multicellularity Heterotrophic life style And? Extracellular matrix (ECM) - extra (outside) cellular (cells) matrix (“stuff” or more precisely “substance within which something originates, develops, or is contained”) Made up of proteins and glycoproteins Give animal cells and animals structure Hard stuff in bone, cartilage, forms soft barriers and filters around cells, e.g. gut linings Same as a cell wall? 4 5 Page ‹#› What other traits do you associate with animals? Animal quiz: Are each of these animals? If so, what phylum? Why do they have them? Do all animals have them? 6 7 Animal quiz: Are each of these animals? If so, what phylum? Animal quiz: Are each of these animals? If so, what phylum? 8 9 Animal quiz: Are each of these animals? If so, what phylum? Animal quiz: Are these animals? If so, what phylum? 10 Page ‹#› 11 Animal quiz: Are each of these animals? If so, what phylum? Animal quiz: Are these animals? If so, what phylum? 12 13 Today - evolution of the animal body plan One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla p. 52 of your lab manual 14 15 One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla IDA ERA ERA RIA RIF RIF 16 CN PO PO PROTISTS PROTISTS Page ‹#› 17 One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla NEMATODA PLA TYH ELM INT HE HE ERA INT RIA RIF IDA PO ELM ERA RIA RIF IDA TYH CN PLA CN PO S S 18 PROTISTS 19 PROTISTS One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla PROTOSTOMES PROTOSTOMES TYH ELM DEUTEROSTOMES INT HE HE S S 20 PROTISTS 21 PROTISTA One hypothesis for evolution of major animal phyla What key features differentiate animals from protists? PROTOSTOMES PROTOSTOMES A DEUTEROSTOMES MA ER OD HIN ATA C E D OR CH TA INT RIA INT HE HE ERA ELM IDA TYH CN RIF ELM ERA RIA ER OD A HIN EC RDAT O CH PLA T MA DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO NEMATODA DEUTEROSTOMES PO TYH IDA RIF DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO NEMATODA PLA CN PO S S PROTISTS DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO NEMATODA PLA ERA INT RIA RIF IDA PO ELM ERA RIA RIF IDA TYH CN PLA CN PO NEMATODA DEUTEROSTOMES 22 PROTISTS Page ‹#› 23 Simple animals - the Porifera (Sponges) What key features differentiate animals from protists? PROTOSTOMES TYH MA ER OD A HIN EC RDAT O CH TA INT RIA HE ERA ELM IDA RIF DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO PLA CN PO NEMATODA DEUTEROSTOMES S MULTICELLULARITY, ECM 24 PROTISTA 25 Simple animals - the Porifera (Sponges) Pore cells Where do our sponges get their name? H 2O Several cell types in ECM like fruit in jello H 2O Fig. 32.4 26 Simple animals - the Porifera (Sponges) Cells that move water and absorb food “Choanocytes” 27 The choanocytes Choanoflagellates colonial protists with similar cell types Regulate H20 movement with flagellum Collect food particles at flagellum base, absorb directly into the cell Since 1880s similarity noted Recently (2001): signalling gene in common from text choanocytes Simple animals with cellular organization - the Porifera (sponges) Protist ancestors of animals? Sponge choanocyte Tube organization choanoflagellate 28 Page ‹#› 29 Party tricks with sponges… So, sponges have what kind of digestion? Intracellular digestion - digest food within individual cells What does this mean about the size of the food they can eat? 30 Simple animals with cellular organization - the Porifera (sponges) Cells from a sponge can be completely disassociated, strained through a filter... And they will re-form into a sponge again in a few weeks What does this mean about the way they are organized? 31 One last thing about sponges… If a tissue is a group of similar cells organized into a functional unit, do sponges have tissues? They’re asymmetrical -tubes grow into other tubes - can’t bisect them and make two equal halves Sponges have cellular organization 32 33 The Cnidaria The Cnidaria Two cell layers Tentacles around a mouth that closes Is it symmetrical? 34 Page ‹#› Cross section of a sea anenome 35 Radial symmetry Evolution of symmetry Asymmetrical Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry 36 A plane through the center in any direction will bisect the organism into equal halves 37 Advantages of bilateral symmetry? Bilateral symmetry A front and a back as well as a top and a bottom Allows concentration of sensory apparatus on one side (front) of one end (top!) Only a single plane will bisect the organism into equal halves Why is this a good thing for mobile animals? 38 39 The innovations of the Cnidaria The innovations of the Cnidaria Cells work together in layers: tissue organization Cnidarian dining What kind of digestion? If we disassociated the cells of a cnidarian and left them in a tank ? Cross section of a sea anenome 40 Page ‹#› Cross section of a sea anenome 41 The innovations of the Cnidaria The innovations of the Cnidaria Do cnidarians have a gut? Where do their waste products go? Mouth but no anus What are the problems with this? Extracellular digestion What does this mean about the size of food they can consume? Cross section of a sea anenome 42 The innovations of the Cnidaria Cross section of a sea anenome 43 Evolution of the coelom What’s a coelom? Is it the same thing as a gut? Where is the coelom on humans? Review: Radial symmetry Extracellular digestion Mouth but no anus - in Nematoda have both And… No coelom 44 Evolution of the body cavity - the coelom In humans divided into two thoracic and abdominal cavities 45 We will distinguish between 3 types of animals Acoelomate (‘a’-without) - e.g. Sponges, Cnidaria, Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) In earthworms, coelom in each segment 46 Page ‹#› 47 We will distinguish between 3 types of animals We will distinguish between 3 types of animals Acoelomate (‘a’-without) - e.g. Sponges, Cnidaria, Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Pseudocoelomate - e.g. Nematoda Ectoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm solid Mesoderm layer Endoderm Endoderm Gut cavity Cavity Gut cavity 48 49 We will distinguish between 3 types of animals Which is acoelomate? Coelomate? Pseudocoelomate? Coelomate - e.g. all protostomes and deuterostomes Mesoderm surrounds cavity (coelom) and gut Ectoderm Mesoderm layers (two!) Cavity Endoderm Gut cavity 50 51 Why was evolution of a coelom important in animal evolution? What differentiates these groups? 3 reasons (not all relevant for all groups) 1) Coelom can function as a simple circulatory system 2) Fluid in a body cavity can help make the body rigid - a hydrostatic skeleton 3) Organs can function without being deformed by surrounding muscles PROTOSTOMES TYH MA ER OD HIN ATA C E D OR CH TA INT RIA HE ERA ELM IDA RIF DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO NEMATODA PLA CN PO S Allows the development of a longer gut, can be coiled, etc. How long is the combined human small and 52 large intestines? DEUTEROSTOMES PROTISTA Page ‹#› 53 In Protostomes (‘proto’-first, ‘stome’-mouth) - the blastopore gives rise to the mouth Groups can be distinguished by early embryonic development Blastopore Blastula Blastopore Gastrula 54 55 In Deuterostomes (‘deutero’- 2nd, ‘stome’mouth) - the blastopore gives rise to the anus Mapping body plan characters on the tree PROTOSTOMES TYH ELM DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO NEMATODA PLA M ER OD HIN ATA C E D OR CH AT A INT HE ERA RIA RIF IDA PO CN Blastopore DEUTEROSTOMES S EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION? 56 Mapping body plan characters on the tree Mapping body plan characters on the tree PROTOSTOMES PROTOSTOMES ELM DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO TYH HE HE S S EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION MULTICELLULARITY 58 TISSUES EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION PROTISTA MULTICELLULARITY Page ‹#› DEUTEROSTOMES M ER OD A HIN EC RDAT O CH AT A INT ERA RIA RIF INT RIA ERA ELM IDA NEMATODA PLA A CN TYH IDA RIF M ER OD A HIN EC RDAT O CH TA PO NEMATODA PLA CN PO DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO DEUTEROSTOMES TISSUES? PROTISTA 57 PROTISTA MULTICELLULARITY, ECM RADIAL SYMMETRY? BILATERAL SYMMETRY? 59 Mapping body plan characters on the tree Mapping body plan characters on the tree PROTOSTOMES PROTOSTOMES S DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO MOUTH AND ANUS PROTOSTOMES NEMATODA PLA TYH INT HE ERA ELM RIF S RY RIA MET IDAL SYM CN DIA RA PO DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO MOUTH AND ANUS DEUTEROSTOMES A TRUE COELOM MOUTH AND ANUS BILATERAL SYMMETRY TISSUES EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION PROTISTA MULTICELLULARITY HE S BILATERAL SYMMETRY TISSUES EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION PROTISTA MULTICELLULARITY Mapping body plan characters on the tree AT INT HE MOUTH AND ANUS 60 M ER OD HIN ATA C E D OR CH ELM ERA INT BILATERAL SYMMETRY TISSUES EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION PROTISTA MULTICELLULARITY TYH RIF ELM ERA MOUTH AND ANUS? NEMATODA A PLA AT PO TYH M ER OD A HIN EC RDAT O CH RY RIA MET IDAL SYM CN DIA RA NEMATODA PLA RIF RY RIA MET IDAL SYM CN DIA RA PO DA PO RO A TH D AR NELI CA AN L L U S MO DEUTEROSTOMES 62 Page ‹#› DEUTEROSTOMES M ER OD A HIN EC RDAT O CH AT A TRUE COELOM? 61