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Parts Identification Electronic Training Course Slide# 1 Parts Identification Objective The purpose of this electronic training course is to learn how to identify components by name, physical appearance, and schematic symbol. Slide# 2 Parts Identification Resistors oppose current flow. They are used in electronic circuits to limit the amount of current that flows in the circuit. The figure shows four common types of resistors: the carbon resistor, the wire wound, the sandstone and the potentiometer. The carbon resistor uses a color code to identify its value. The wire wound and the sandstone resistors are also called power resistors, they can handle large amounts of current and typically do not use the resistor color code, instead they have their value printed on their case. Slide# 3 Parts Identification The potentiometer is nothing more than a variable resistor. It has a shaft that is used to adjust the value of resistance. Potentiometers are used as volume controls in amplifiers and in hundreds of other applications. Potentiometer values are typically marked somewhere on the case. Slide# 4 Parts Identification Notice the schematic symbol of the resistors and the potentiometer. Resistors do not have polarity and can be installed in any direction in a circuit. The resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms. Multiples are commonly used to express resistor value. K ohm (Kilo ohm: 1000 ohms) M ohm (Mega ohm: 1,000,000) Slide# 5 Parts Identification Capacitors store electrical energy. They act as temporary batteries holding up voltage until they are discharged. Capacitors are used in hundreds of applications in electronic circuits. The figure shows six different types of capacitors: disc, mylar and variable capacitors which do not have polarity, and the radial, axial and tantalum capacitors which do have polarity. Capacitors that have polarity, must be installed with the correct orientation and typically are marked with a “–” or “+” symbol for lead polarity identification. Slide# 6 Parts Identification Notice the schematic symbol of the different types of capacitors. The radial, axial, and tantalum capacitors schematic symbol shows the polarity for correct physical installation. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads. The farad is a very big unit and submultiples are commonly used. uF/µF (micro farad: 10-6 ) nF (nano farad: 10-9) pF (pico farad: 10-12) Slide# 7 Parts Identification Coils store electrical energy in a magnetic field created around them. Coils are used in hundreds of applications in electronics and especially in communication devices: transmitters, receivers, etc. The figure shows a few of the many types of coils. Wire coils and variable coils are used mainly in oscillator circuits of transmitters and receivers to generate AC (alternating current) signals. Slide# 8 Parts Identification Choke coils are mainly used in filter circuits to reject unwanted signals. Trigger coils are used in strobe light circuits to produce a very high voltage to trigger the flash tube. Coils do not have polarity. The inductance of a coil is measured in henries. The henry is a very high unit and submultiples are commonly used. uH/µH (micro henry: 10-6 ) mH (mili henry: 10-3 Slide# 9 Parts Identification Transformers step up or down voltage. Transformers do not have polarity but they have a primary and secondary coil that have to be connected properly in the circuit. The figure shows three common types of transformers. Power transformers are used in electronic equipment that connects to the wall socket. This reduces the 120VAC from the wall outlet to a suitable voltage for the device. Audio transformers are used in audio amplifiers, oscillators etc. Slide# 10 Parts Identification Radio frequency transformers are used in communication devices such as receivers and transmitters. Transformers are rated by the voltage or impedance of their coils and the current and voltage they can handle. For example a power transformer can be rated as: 120Volts to 12Volts/1 Amp. Meaning that the primary receives the 120 Volts and the secondary will step that voltage down to 12 volts with the capacity of delivering 1 Amp of current. Audio transformers can be rated as: 1000 ohms to 8 ohms/10 watts. Slide# 11 Parts Identification Switches are used to open (interrupt) and close (connect) electric or electronic circuits. Switches do not have polarity. Switches are rated by the arrangement of their contacts (Single Pole/Single Throw: SPST, Single Pole/Double Throw: SPDT, etc.) and the maximum current and voltage their contacts can handle. Switches are manufactured in many types and sizes and the figure shows the most common types. The relay is a special electric switch that closes or opens its contacts when voltage is applied to its coil. Slide# 12 Parts Identification Diodes are special semiconductive devices that allow current to flow through them in one direction only. They behave like an electronic “one way street”. Diodes have polarity. They have two terminals known as the cathode (C) and the anode (A). The diode allows current to flow through it only when the cathode is negative and the anode is positive. The figure shows several types of diodes in common use in electronic circuits. Power diodes are used in power supplies and rectifier bridges to convert AC voltage (alternating current like the one in the wall socket) into DC voltage (direct current like battery current). Slide# 13 Parts Identification Zener diodes are used as voltage regulators and signal diodes are used in communication and digital circuits. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are a special type of diodes that emit light when current flows through them. 7-segment displays are a group of LEDs arranged in a "figure 8” to display alphanumeric characters. Slide# 14 Parts Identification SCRs (Silicon Controlled Rectifiers) are diodes that only conduct after a positive pulse has been applied to its gate lead. Notice the schematic symbols of the different diodes. Power diodes, zeners, bridge rectifiers and SCRs are rated by the voltage and current they can handle. Signal diodes are rated by type. LEDs and 7-segment displays are rated by their size, color and type of lens. Slide# 15 Parts Identification Transistors amplify and switch current. They are very important semiconductive devices that are found in almost any electronic circuit today, either as an individual component or consolidated into integrated circuits (ICs). Transistors have polarity. They have three terminals called: emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C). Transistors are basically classified according to their type (NPN or PNP) and the power they can handle: small signal or power transistors. NPN and PNP type transistors have different schematic symbols. Slide# 16 Parts Identification Integrated Circuits (ICs) consolidate a large electronic circuit containing transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, etc, into a small package. ICs have polarity and have to be installed with the notch, dot or band on the case in the correct orientation. There are thousands of different types of ICs but basically they can be classified into three large families: CMOS, TTL and Linear. Each family has its own electrical characteristics. Slide# 17 Parts Identification Speakers transform electrical energy into sound. Speakers have two terminals. They do not have polarity but they have phase. If you connect two speakers together, they will have to be “in phase” in order to get maximum sound from them. The phase of the speaker is indicated by a colored terminal and sometimes by a positive or negative mark. Slide# 18 Parts Identification Speakers are rated by their impedance (resistance to the alternating current) 4 ohms, 8 ohms, etc, and by the power they can handle: 10 watts, 100 watts, etc. The piezo element and the buzzer shown on the figure also transform electrical energy into sound, but in contrast with the speakers, the sound they produce have a fixed frequency (tone). Slide# 19 Parts Identification Microphones transform sound into an electric signal. Microphones may or may not have polarity depending on the type. The electret type microphone shown in the figure has polarity, while the crystal and dynamic have no polarity. Slide# 20 Parts Identification CDS (Cadmium Sulfide) Cells, also commonly called photocells, vary their internal resistance according to the light they receive. CDS cells do not have polarity. CDS cells are rated by their resistance range (ohms). CDS cells are manufactured in many forms and sizes. Slide# 21 Parts Identification Lamps transform electric energy into light. There are many types of lamps used in electronics, as shown in the figure. In an incandescent lamp the light is produced when the current flows through a tiny filament that gets extremely hot. In the neon, fluorescent and xenon types, the light is emitted when an internal gas gets ionized. Notice the differences in the schematic symbols of the different types of lamps. Slide# 22 Parts Identification Test Identify the Components Slide# 23 Parts Identification Test Identify the Components Resistor Slide# 24 Parts Identification Test Identify the Components Resistor LED Slide# 25 Parts Identification Test Identify the Components Resistor LED Transistor Slide# 26 Parts Identification Test Identify the Components Resistor LED Transistor Transformer Slide# 27 Parts Identification Test Identify the Components Resistor LED Transistor Transformer Lamp Slide# 28 Parts Identification Test The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. What is the function of a resistor? What is the function of a capacitor? Slide# 29 Parts Identification Test The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Capacitor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. What is the function of a resistor? What is the function of a capacitor? Slide# 30 Parts Identification Test The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Capacitor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Resistor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. What is the function of a resistor? What is the function of a capacitor? Slide# 31 Parts Identification Test The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Capacitor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Resistor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Switch What is the function of a resistor? What is the function of a capacitor? Slide# 32 Parts Identification Test The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Capacitor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Resistor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Switch What is the function of a resistor? Oppose current flow What is the function of a capacitor? Slide# 33 Parts Identification Test The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Capacitor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Resistor The figure shows the schematic symbol of a _____. Switch What is the function of a resistor? Oppose current flow What is the function of a capacitor? Store electrical energy Slide# 34