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Gaby, Bea, Megan, George, Elise The learning approach focuses on mechanisms of learning including conditioning and social learning… Watson (1878-1958) was convinced that the methods used in the psychodynamic approach were highly unscientific. Watson wanted to make psychology more science orientated and in 1913 wrote a book called ‘Psychology as the behaviourist views’ setting out his ideas of science based learning. Watson argued that psychology should focus more on observation and measurement to come to conclusions on learning and behaviour. The learning approach is also known as the umbrella term for a group of theories which highlight the importance of learning; these include the behaviourism and social learning theory which arrived in the 20th century and further developed by chemistry and psychics Classical conditioning is where there is an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus and this will then create a response. This has been shown by two psychologists, one from Russia known as Ivan Pavlov. He classically conditioned dogs to drool when a bell is heard. The other is John Watson who gave Baby Albert a phobia of a rat. At 9 months old Baby Albert was presented with different items to observe his reactions- to which he stayed normal. However at 11 months when Albert was presented with a white rat, Watson would bang a steel bar with a hammer, creating an extremely loud noise. Every time Albert would go near the rat he would bang the steel bar to scare him. Eventually Albert conditioned the rat with the loud noise. Therefore every time he saw the rat, Albert would cry. Albert was then observed for 10 days after the conditioning and Watson saw that Albert became less scared of the rat. The dying out of a learned response is called extinction. In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms, this means that a stimulus in the environment has produced a behaviour / response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. In this respect no new behaviour has been learned yet. During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a new conditioned response (CR). After a person has been conditioned there are a few different things that can happen. A person could start to generalise, which is where a stimulus similar to the conditioned one also leads to a response. E.g. little Albert cried when he came into contact with Santa's white beard. Another thing that can happen is discrimination which is the opposite to generalising- it is when you have the ability to tell the difference between two similar stimuli. E.g. Pavlov's dogs didn’t salivate when they hard a different bell. Spontaneous recovery is the return of a conditioned response (in a weaker form) after a period of time. E.g. When Pavlov waited for a few days and then rang the bell once more the dog salivated again. OPERANT CONDITIONING Types of reinforcement Learning through consequences such as reward and punishment. Big Bang Theory Clip Terrell has learnt that smiling leads to his Dad picking him up and so he has learnt through reward that smiling is a positive behaviour. This is an example of operant conditioning. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT The removal of an unpleasant reinforcement can also strengthen behaviour by stopping an unpleasant experience. This is known as negative reinforcement because it is the removal of an adverse stimulus which is ‘rewarding’ to the animal or person. In school, if you did not complete your homework, you got a detention from your teacher. You will complete your homework to avoid having to go to detention, thus strengthening the behaviour of completing your homework. BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER Skinner showed how negative reinforcement worked by placing a rat in his Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort. As the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately after it did so, the electric current would be switched off. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. The consequence of escaping the electric current ensured that they would repeat the action again and again. Modelling/ imitation Vicarious reinforcement o Is the act of copying the person's o We observe people who gets behaviour by observing them for a period of time. For example, the child may model the same behaviour as their parents. Identification o Model the same behaviour from someone who is similar to them or popular, attractive or some one we look up to, and adopt the same behaviour as them. rewarded and it motivates us to do that same so that we can get rewarded as well. For example if a student who works hard gets good grades at school, her friend may work as hard as her to get grades, to get praise from teacher or parents. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= Pr0OTCVtHbU Aim: • To investigate if social behaviour can be observed and limited. Procedure: • They used 72 children aged 6 and split them in 3 groups of 24 (12 boys and 12 girls). One condition showed children an aggressive model, condition 2 showed a non-aggressive model, and the third showed no model to the children. Result: • Children who had an aggressive model, were more aggressive than children who had a non- aggressive model. Boys showed more physical aggression than girls. The verbal aggression had differences in both boys and girls. Conclusions: • Children learn social behaviour through observing the behaviour of adults. Strength: • The experiment can be replicated again due to standardised procedures. • Bandura's study supports the social learning theory because children did copy the behaviour. Weakness: • The study was unethical, because the children was put under stress and may suffer long term effects due to the study. • Difficult to study as the modelling may take place after a long period of time or not happen at all. Behaviourist Approach: - The development of anxiety disorders can be explained by classical conditioning, as an individual begins to associate the fear with other aspects of life. - ‘Systematic desensitisation’ is a behavioural therapy used to treat phobias by working through an anxiety hierarchy in a relaxed state, which has been found through research into the learning approach. It involves the cause of the phobia (an object or situation) being paired with a relaxation response. - Human behaviours can also be explained through classical conditioning. - Siegel (1984) found that drug overdosing is more likely to occur in unfamiliar environments. Usually, the body would respond through classical conditioning to signals, but when in a different place there is no association, so the preparation does not happen. - Operant conditioning can also be used to explain human behaviours. It has been argued that horror films can lead to aggressive behaviour as a lack of punishment or, in some cases, the behaviour being positively reinforced, can make people think that the behaviour is acceptable. Other films where ‘bad behaviour’ can lead to being popular has also been said to increase the percentage of less acceptable behaviour. - Video game addiction can also be explained by operant conditioning. The reward of completing a level or achieving a set goal makes the player want to continue with the game. (David Wong, 2008) Social Learning Theory: - There is substantial evidence that social learning theory has an affect in a range of behaviours, not just aggression. This can include things like preferences in foods, eating disorders, addictions and ideas about gender roles. These can come from observing and imitating other people, whom we might look up to or want to be like. - Social learning theory can also be used to treat phobias through ‘modelling’. Someone with a phobia needs to ‘model’ their behaviour on that of someone who does not have a phobia. o Modelling /Imitation – observing, identifying with and copying the behaviour of a role model. o Social learning theory – Bandura's study; children learns from observing adults. o Identification – feeling of similarity with a role that leads to the imitation of their behaviour (we think we can be like them). o Vicarious reinforcement – learning through positive consequences. (We are more likely to copy if they are rewarded instead of punishment). o Systematic desensitization - a behavioural therapy used to treat phobias by working through an anxiety hierarchy in a relaxed state. o Operant conditioning - Learning through consequences such as reward and punishment. o Classical Conditioning -where there is an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus and this will then create a response. o Learning Approach - also known as the umbrella term for a group of theories which highlight the importance of learning.