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US Department of Interior National Park Service Cabrillo National Monument PLANT ADAPTATIONS K-12 CURRICULUM EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA ™ KEEP CALM & ADAPT ON All living things on our planet have made adaptations to ensure their survival under a given set of conditions. In order to survive, an organisms must gather enough food or energy for growth, protect itself from harm, and reproduce. To obtain or store enough water for growth, plants in climates, such as ours, have developed various adaptations. Some plants have long roots that can tap into the groundwater stored deep below. Others have shallow roots that spread out wide and allow the plant to absorb the water from short bursts of rainfall. Some plants have organs for water storage. These organs allow the plant to hold water to be used at a later time. Other plants have made various leaf adaptations. For example, having light colored leaves help keep the plant cool or cupped-shaped leaves help reduce water loss during transpiration. The native plant communities of the Coastal Sage Scrub and the Southern Maritime Chaparral have adapted to live in our Mediterranean climate here in San Diego. For this activity, students will make observations about plant size, leaf size, color, scent, and feel of these plants. As these observations are occurring, questions are posed and pondered on why these adaptations have helped these plants to survive in these areas and how they play an important role in the ecosystems within the park. Cabrillo National Monument Plant Adaptations 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How have native plants adapted to survive in our Mediterranean Climate? WHY IT MATTERS? San Diego has a Mediterranean climate which falls within the temperate climate zone. There are only four other places in the world (2% globally) that have this climate including: the Mediterranean Ocean basin in Europe, the southwestern coast of Chile, the tip of South Africa, and the south and southwest coasts of Australia. All of these regions are located on the west coast of their respective continents, next to an ocean. They share similar ocean and wind currents and the landforms are all at the same relative elevation. Within this climate there are distinct plant communities. These plant communities have made changes, adaptations, to survive within this climate. With continued development of our lands, these plant communities are becoming rare due to loss of habitat through urbanization. Cabrillo National Monument is an oasis for these plant communities and a great place to observe and study them. Cabrillo National Monument Key Vocabulary • Adaptations: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment • Annual plant: a plant that begins from a seed, and then grows, flowers, produces seed, and dies in less than a year • Climate: The average weather of a given region taken over a significant period of time • Deciduous: shedding or dropping leaves • Dormant: not growing but resting or waiting for more suitable growing conditions • Evergreen: having leaves all year round • Perennial plant: a plant that lives for many years • Plant Communities: a collection of plants with similar characteristics • Protection: the act of preservation from harm • Urbanization: the process by which rural areas transform into urban areas due to population influx • Weather: the state of the atmosphere in regards to temperature, humidity, wind, cloudiness, etc., which can change day to day Plant Adaptations 2 OBJECTIVE Students will make observations of native plants and inferences regarding their adaptations. MATERIALS • Adaptation toolkit with plant metaphors • Clipboard, pencil, and magnifying glass NATIVE PLANT BINGO As you make your observations within the park, fill in the spaces below using the clues to help you. Remember your Cabrillo NM manners: walk on paths only, no picking of plants, and be respectful of all living things. • Local species list with names and photos • Data Sheets for recording observations. For K-5 this will be Native Plant Bingo Cards. For 6-12th grade this will be student’s field notebooks. WEB RESOURCES Five Habitats of San Diego: https://youtu.be/ CLyXOFn7488 Coastal Sage Scrub: https://youtu.be/BuxticCTj7k Example Species Guides: https://www.nps.gov/cabr/ learn/nature/field-guides.htm Cabrillo National Monument Crow/ Raven Chalk Leaves (Chalk Dudleya) Small Pink Flowers Succulent Your Favorite Plant Shiny or Waxy Leaves See a Towhee Fuzzy Leaves Lowgrowing Silver Plant Taco Shaped Leaves Leaves with Prickly Edges Somethin g as Tall as You Free Space Small Red Berries/ Seeds Needlelike Leaves (Pine) See an Insect Purple Flowers See a Lizard Hear a Bird See Seed Pod Broomlike Branches Tall Grasslike Plant Smell Sage Yellow Flowers Spines (cactus) Plant Adaptations 3 LESSON DIRECTIONS 1. What does it all mean? Discuss adaptations plants have made to help them survive in the Mediterranean Climate. What are some similarities found across these plant communities? What are some differences? How will the students pledge to conserve water at their home or school? Encourage your class to interpret their findings and make connections. Cabrillo National Monument Upon arriving to the Park, we will move down to Ballast Point Overlook for introductions. We will begin with a review of the vocabulary cards, then discuss the properties of the Adaptation Tool-kits. What are the adaptations represented and how can plants use them to help within their habitats? 2. Move into an interpretive walk discussing the plant communities. Students make observations about the plants; leaf size and color, leaf texture, plant height, plant spacing and location of plant communities (North vs. South). Students take notes on their observations, draw, and/or fill in data sheets. 3. Art extension: Students will make plant rubbings from a few specimens from the park: Toyon, Lemonade Berry, and Laurel Sumac. Explore. Observe. Discover. Plant Adaptations 4 Our sincerest hope is that getting out into nature with these activities inspire the future stewards of our most beautiful places. NGSS STANDARDS K-5 PRIMARY “The mission of the National Park Service is to preserve and protect unimpaired the cultural, historical, and natural resources of America for this and future generations.” For any questions, please find us at: www.nps.gov/CABR [email protected] K-LS1-1. K-ESS3-1. 1-LS1-1. 1-LS3-1. 2-LS2-1. 2-LS4-1. 3-LS3-1. 3-LS3-2. 3-LS4-2. 3-LS4-3. 4-LS1-1. 4-ESS2-1. 5-LS1-1. 5-LS2-1. MIDDLE SCHOOL MS-LS1-4. MS-LS1-5. MS-LS2-1. MS-LS2-2. MS-LS2-4. MS-LS4-4. HIGH SCHOOL HS-LS1-5. HS-LS2-1. HS-LS2-2. HS-LS2-6. Photos: Michael Ready & Andrew Rosales Curriculum Development: Andrew Rosales & Alex Warneke Cabrillo National Monument Plant Adaptations 5