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Transcript
10/26/2010 Ecosystem Essentials Ecosystem Components and Cycles Biotic Ecosystem Operations Ecosystems, Evolution, and Succession Geog 1001: Climate and Vegetation Lecture 17: Ecosystem Essentials Professor Holly Barnard October 26, 2010 The Web of Life Basic terms I Eco-logy: the study of our house Focus: The relationship or interaction between organisms (biotic) and their surrounding environment (abiotic) Bio-geography: the geography of living beings Focus: The distribution of plants & animals, including the biotic & abiotic processes, and in the past & present (spatial & temporal) Figure 19.1 1 10/26/2010 Ecosystem Components: Communities Ecosystem Components I Communities Habitat Def.: Animal populations interactions Plant populations Characteristics Environment where an organism resides (or biologically adapted to live) Physical appearance Richness (species present) Abundance of each species Complex patterns of interdependence Trophic (feeding) structure Requirements with limits & specific regimes of sustaining nutrients Ecosystem Components: Communities Biotic Interactions and Competition Def.: function or role of a life form within a given community [when occupying a space] Species interactions simple interactions (two species, pairwise interaction, 5 scenarios, three dominant). Niche (to nest) Way an organism obtain and sustain the physical, chemical, & biological factors it needs to survive 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Competition Predation, Parasitism, Herbivory Mutualism Commensalism Amensalism 2 10/26/2010 Mimicry Adaptation and Acclimation Biotic and Abiotic factors can create selection pressure on a population of organisms. Adaptation and acclimation are responses of biological organisms to adjust to changes in critical biotic and abiotic factors. Generalists and specialists Ecosystem Components II Plants: The Essential Biotic component …Why? Energy flow in Ecosystems: Photosynthesis Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Abiotic & Biotic Ecosystem Components Abiotic Climate, water, minerals, insolation, heat E released Limiting Factors Life zones 3 10/26/2010 Vascular Plant Anatomy Photosynthesis O2 CO2 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html H2O Photosynthesis unites CO2 and H Photo-synthesis photo = light synthesis = manufacturing 4 10/26/2010 Photosynthesis and Respiration NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS Figure 19.5 The Local Plant Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Autotrophic Respiration of CO2 Energy Budget of the Biosphere Litterfall Heterotrophic Respiration of CO2 Root mortality & exudation Figure 19.7 5 10/26/2010 Global Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Photosynthesis – Respiration=NPP (Biomass) Figure 19.8 Figure 19.10 Abiotic Ecosystem Components Limiting Factors Climate, weather, water, minerals, insolation, heat E released (i.e. Physical or Chemical components all but biotic!) Determine to some extent where an organism could regenerate, reproduce, and eventually persists Limiting Factors Life zones 6 10/26/2010 Temperature and Precipitation Limiting Factors Def.: One physical or chemical abiotic component that most inhibit biotic operation, through either its lack or excess Examples Temps (low at high elevations) H2O (lack in deserts & excess in bogs) Nutrients Changes in topography Changes in climate Figure 19.8 The Nitrogen Cycle Figure 19.11 http://msucares.com/crops/fertilizer/index.html 7 10/26/2010 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition N Saturation and Algal Blooms The Gulf Coast Dead Zone Ecosystem Components and Cycles Communities Plants: The Essential Biotic Component Photosynthesis and Respiration Abiotic Ecosystem Components Figure 19.2.1 8