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Chapter 11 Doubled and Hamzated Verbs In the Preliminaries chapter we learned that the letters , and are weak letters. A weak letter is called (lit. letter of weakness). When a verb is produced from a root containing a (weak letter), we call it a (weak verb). We shall learn about (weak verbs) in chapter twelve. When the root of a verb does not contain any (weak letters), we call it a (strong verb). All the (verbs) we have encountered so far are (strong). The (strong verb) is of three types, 1. ! " (sound: the root is made up of three different (strong) letters and does not contain a # $ % & ) 2. 3. 11.1 ' ( ) (doubled: the second and third root letters are the same) * +%, (hamzated: the root contains a hamza) (The doubled verb) (verb) in which the second and third root letters are the same is called a ' ( ) (doubled .-/ (from 0 - /), verb). We have already encountered nouns derived from ‘doubled’ roots such as, 1 (from 1) and %( 2 (from ! % 2). In (verbs) derived from ‘doubled’ roots, the identical second and third letters are assimilated. This is called 3 40 65 (assimilation) and is indicated by the symbol 7 8 called a # -( 9 above the doubled letter. Using the root template, we say that the ' ( ) (doubled verb) derives from a root and assimilates to render . The : ;5 ) (imperfect) is < >= . , < > . or < > . . A 11.1.1 Form I 0 - ; we have the verb (0@ .) 0( ; (to return; reject) which unassimilated read (0 0 .) 0 0 ; like (C D .) C B . From the root 152 would have F0 0 ; E F0G ; (0@ .) 0( ; (to return) is conjugated H 2 % H (in the perfect) as follows. DRILL #9 Plural Dual Singular (3) (2) (1) They returned They (two) returned He returned (6) (5) They returned They (two) returned (7) ! You returned You (two) returned You returned (11) You returned You (two) returned Feminine She returned (8) " Third person (4) (9) (12) Masculine Masculine Second person (10) Feminine You returned (14) (13) # We returned I returned Masculine and Feminine First person Notice that from the third person feminine plural (box 6) onwards, the second and third root letters are not assimilated. F0 0 ; E F0G ; (0@ .) 0( ; (to return) is conjugated : 5 ;5 )% H (in the imperfect) as follows. DRILL #10 Plural Dual Singular (3) (2) $ $ They return $ They (two) return (6) You return (7) You (two) return (12) Feminine She returns (8) Third person (4) They (two) return (9) Masculine He returns (5) $ They return (1) Masculine You return (11) " $% You return You (two) return You return (14) Feminine (13) # & We return I return 153 Second person (10) Masculine and Feminine First person +JK of the ' ( ) The I (doubled verb) obeys the same principle as the ! " (sound strong verb). Plural Dual Singular (3) (2) (1) $ " $ " $ " They will never return They will never return He will never return (6) (5) $ " " Masculine " They will never return They will never return (9) (8) Third person (4) Feminine She will never return (7) 3 $L of the ' ( ) (doubled verb) can be produced in two ways. We can use the regular method and say 0 0 . ! (which is the most commonly found in the Quran) or we can say 0( . ! in which the 3 $L is indicated by a so that it looks identical to the I +JK . The first unassimilated method % N = PO (the five verbs) in which the 3 $L is indicated by Q +@K R does not occur with = M The (omission of the nun). Plural Dual Singular (3) (2) (1) $ ! $ ! $ / $ ! They did not return They did not return He did not return (6) $ ! (5) ! They did not return They did not return (7) ! ! / ! You did not return You did not return You did not return (11) ! You did not return You did not return Feminine She did not return (8) ! Third person (4) / ! (9) (12) Masculine Masculine Second person (10) % ! Feminine You did not return (14) (13) # / # ! & / & ! We did not return I did not return Masculine and Feminine First person 5 S > ! " (Active Participle) of the ' ( ) (doubled verb) is of the form so from 0( ; we have 0T ; (one who returns; rejects). The 154 The 5 +,L % HT K5U (passive) of (0@ .) 0( ; is (0@ .) 0( ; (it was returned). From the third person feminine plural (box 6) onwards, the second and third root letters are not assimilated. For example, for the first person, we have V 0 0 ; (I was returned). 5 +> % ! " (Passive Participle) of the ' ( ) (doubled verb) is of the form +=> so from 0( ; we have 0 0 (returned; rejected). The The H 5 , K( = (negative imperative verb) being 3 $L is of the form => W X or >= W X . (3) (2) ( ( Do not return! / ( Do not return! (6) (1) Masculine Do not return! (5) Second person (4) ( ( % ( Do not return! Do not return! Do not return! Feminine 5 PO = (imperative verb) being Z S ;5 ) Z S 3 $ L . YS HT K5U (fixed on what the imperfect is made 3 $L upon) is of the form = = or = rendering 0 0 ; = or 0( ; (return!). Notice that it looks exactly the same as the 5 +,L % HT K5U (passive), 0( ; (it was returned). The (3) (2) Return! / Return! (6) (1) Masculine Return! (5) Second person (4) % Return! Return! Return! Feminine H( 65 [ 0( ; Return in to me ] \ H 65 [ @0; Refer it to Allah We may summarise the above as follows. Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun 0( W / 0 0 W X 0( ; / 0 0 ; = F00; E F0G ; Don’t return! Return! Return Passive Participle (noun) Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb 0 0 + , 0@ . 0( ; 0T ; + , 0@ . 0( ; Returned So he is He is returned He was returned A returner So he is He returns He returned 155 Like the ! " (sound strong verb), there is variation in the vowelling of the : ;5 ) (imperfect). We have, F%W (!@ .) !( W (to be complete) which unassimilated would have read (! % .) ! % W like (_ L .) _ / . XF +=`= (< a .) ` (to continue to be) which unassimilated would have read (= a .) ` like (! , > .) ! ,5 . The first person is b ` (I continued to be) like b % ,5 . You should assume that > ( ) (doubled verbs) are conjugated in the perfect like ( i.e. V ; . ` type are indicated in the dictionary and vocabulary lists by providing the first person perfect in brackets after the imperfect in the following way, (b ` ) (7O) ` . In derived forms II Verbs of the onwards, the variations that exist in the perfect and imperfect of Form I do not occur. 11.1.2 Form II Form II of the ' ( ) (doubled verb) behaves in the same was as the ! " (sound strong verb). F-.-L W (0 -c L .) 0 -( / (To renew) 11.1.3 Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) 0 -c L W X 0 -c / F-.-L W 0 -( L + , 0 -( L . 0 -c / 0 -c L Don’t renew! Renew! Renewal Renewed So it is It was renewed A renewer It is renewed Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , 0 -c L . 0 -( / So he is He renews He renewed Form V Form V of the ' ( ) (doubled verb) also behaves in the same was as the ! " (sound strong verb). F0@0 W (0 0( .) 0 0( W (To hesitate) Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) 0 0( W X 0 0( W F0@0 W 0 0( Don’t hesitate! Hesitate! Hesitation - Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) + , 0 0( . 0 0c W 0 0c So he is - - A hesitator 156 Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , 0 0( . 0 0( W So he is He hesitates He hesitated 11.1.4 Form III F/L (b L / ) (d @ .) d ( (to argue, dispute) Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Passive Participle (noun) Verbal Noun d ( W / e /5 W X d ( / e /5 F/L Don’t argue! 11.1.5 Argue! d T Argument Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) + , d @ . d ( + d T It was argued An arguer So it is Argued It is argued Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , d @ . d ( So he is He argues He argued Form VI FfGW (b UfW) (I @ .) I ( W (to love one another) Negative Imper. I ( W / C fW X Don’t love one another! 11.1.6 Positive Imper. Passive Participle (noun) Verbal Noun Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) Active Imperf. Verb I ( W / C fW FUfW E FfGW I T + , I @ . I ( +W I T + , I @ . I ( W Love one another! Mutual love So he is - - - Loving So he is They love one another Form IV FfU 65 (b UU ) (C @ .) C ( (to love) Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun C ( W / C U5 W X C ( / C U5 FfU 65 Don’t love! 11.1.7 Love! Love Passive Participle (noun) C T Loved Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) + , C @ . C ( = C T He is loved He was loved One who loves Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) So he is Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , C @ . C ( So he is He loves He loved Form VII F1jh i (b j j h i) (g@ h K.) g( h i (to be split) Negative Imper. Positive Imper. g( h KW / g j h KW X g( h i / g j h i Don’t split! Active Perf. Verb Split! Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) F1jh i gT h K + , g@ h K. g( h i= gT h K Splitting - So it is - - Split Notice that the Active and Passive participles look exactly the same. 157 Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , g@ h K. g( h i So it is It is split It was split They loved one another 11.1.8 Form VIII F0-W; (V 0 - W; ) (-@ W .) -( W; (to turn back) Negative Imper. -( W W / 0 - W W X -( W; / 0 - W; Don’t turn back! 11.1.9 Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) F0-W; -T W Turning back - Positive Imper. Turn back! Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) + , -@ W . -( W; = -T W So he is - - One who turns back Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , -@ W . -( W; So he is He turns back He turned back Form X F1j " (b j j " ) (g@ M .) g( " (to deserve) Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb g( M W / g j M W X g( " / g j " F1j " gT M + , g@ M . g( " = gT M + , g@ M . g( " Don’t deserve! 11.1.10 Deserve! Deserving It is deserved So it is Deserved It was deserved One who deserves So he is He deserves ) * (The doubled quadriliteral verb) Most Arabic roots are made of three letters. These are called H T kl k= (triliteral). There are a few roots that are made of four letters. These are called HT S f; (quadriliteral). They conjugate in the same way as the HT kl k= (triliteral). Quadriliteral Form I Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun ! /5 W X ! /5 W F % / W Don’t translate! Translate! The quadriliteral Translation Passive Participle (noun) Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. verb Active Participle (noun) ! / + , ! / . ! /5 W ! /5 So it is It is translated It was translated Translator Translated Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , ! /5 . ! / W So he is He translates He translated ' ( ) (doubled verb) is of the form > . The verb (m +5 " + .) m + " means to whisper. It is conjugated like the regular quadriliteral verb. Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb m +5 " + W X m +5 " F " + " m + " + + , m + " + . m +5 " m +5 " + + , m +5 " + . m + " Don’t whisper! Whisper! Whisper Whispered So it is It is whispered 158 It was whispered Whisperer So he is He whispers He whispered He deserved 11.2 + ,- (The hamzated verb) Verbs derived from roots containing a # $ % & are called * +%, (hamzated). They are generally unproblematic apart from a few phonetic and orthographic changes. A * +%, (hamzated verb) may have a # $ % & as the initial, medial or terminal root letter. 11.2.1 Verbs with initial # $ % & (a) Form I # $ % & verbs behave like regular verbs, (R= n o .) R n (to take), ( = B= o .) B (to eat), (= o .) (to hope), (Q= p o .) Q p (to permit) and ( o .) (to order). In Form I, the perfect and imperfect of initial i Phonetics When Q W$ % & (two hamzas) are consecutive, the first q c (vowelled) and the second r B " (vowelless), the second changes to a long vowel , or # $ % & . This is called 5,M W (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ % & , lit. making easy). corresponding to the vowel on the first 5,M W (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ % & ) occurs in first person imperfect of initial # $ % & verbs, rendering, R= n s (I take)rather than R= n = B= s (I eat) rather than = B= = s (I hope) rather than = Q= p s (I permit) rather than Q= p and s (I order) rather than . i Orthography # $ % & carrying a is followed by an , the two are assimilated and a # ( (symbol representing elongation) is placed over the alif s . When a 159 The above orthography change occurs in the 5 S > ! " (Active Participle) of the initial # $ % & verb rendering, R n s (taker) B s (one who eats) s (one who hopes) Q p s (one who permits) s (one who orders) for R n for B for for Q p and for 5 +> % ! " (Passive Participle) of the initial # $ % & verb is regular. We have p +no (taken), +=Bo (eaten), +o (hoped), Q =po (permitted) and ; +o (ordered). The The 5 P O = (imperative verb) of initial # $ % & verbs usually follows the regular form. When it is at the beginning of a % / (sentence) and not preceded by any B (vowel) the # $ % & undergoes 5,M W & ). From we have = (hope!) for t = and from Q p (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ % we have Q R . (Permit!) for Q R u . When it is preceded by a B (vowel) there is no 5,M W and the # $ % & t 7 (hope!) and Q R u 7 (permit!). When preceded by or v is retained, sitting on its seat, rendering the # $ % & sits on an alif and the 5 + #= $ % & is omitted rendering (and hope!) and Q p o (so permit!). y ... H Q R u = +=j. r ! , K w And among them are those who say, ‘permit me …’ (al-Quran 9:49) O The 5 P = (imperative verb) of the two verbs R n (to take) and B (to eat) is truncated by dropping the initial # $ % & rendering R n (take!) rather than R n t = and B= (eat!) rather than B= t = . y ... F f; R N w So take four … (al-Quran 2:260) y ... z 5 ; PO H (% +=B= w The 5 PO = (imperative verb) of Eat of what is on the earth …’ (al-Quran 2:168) (to order) can be produced using both the regular and the truncated form. When it is at the beginning of a % / (sentence) and not preceded by any B (vowel) (order!). When it is preceded by a B (vowel), we are given the choice of using the truncated form or the regular form t 7 and . it is obligatory to use the truncated form y ,S U5 # l J ( 5f { & w And command your folk to pray and persevere upon it (al-Quran 20:132) 160 We may summarise the above as follows: Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb R n o W X R n FRn p +no + , R= n | . R n = R n s + , R= n o . R n Don’t take! Take! Taking It is taken It was taken A taker So he is He takes He took B= o W X B= l F B +=Bo + , = B | . B = B s + , = B= o . B Don’t eat! Eat! Eating; food Eaten So it is It is eaten It was eaten One who eats So he is He eats He ate o W X / = / t 7 l F} +o + , = | . = s + , = o . Don’t hope! Hope! Hope Hoped So it is It is hoped It was hoped One who hopes So he is He hopes He hoped Q p o W X / Q R . / Q R u7 Q p Fip65 Q =po + , Q= p | . Q p = Q p s + , Q= p o . Q p Don’t permit! Permit! Permission Permitted So he is He is permitted He was permitted One who permits So he is He permits He permitted o W X / / t 7 F ; +o + , | . = s + , o . Don’t order! Order! Order Ordered So he is He is ordered He was ordered One who orders So he is He orders He ordered Taken Passive Imperf. Verb So it is The following is exposition of the forms that usually cause students problems. Unproblematic forms have been left out. (b) Form III n s (to reproach) from R n . In Form III we have the verb R R n s may be summarized as follows. Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) R n ~W X R n s #F R n ~ R n ~ Don’t reproach! Reproach! Reproach Reproached Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) + , R= n ~. R n = R n ~ So he is He is reproached He was reproached A reproacher 161 Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , R= n ~. R n s So he is He reproaches He reproached (c) Form IV s (to believe) and In Form IV we have the verbs r ks (to prefer) from r and k . As is evident, the perfect verb of Form IV looks the same as that of Form III. The imperfect verbs are of course different. 5,M W (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ % & ) occurs in the passive perfect rendering r = (it was believed) for r t = and k = (it was preferred) for kt = . We also have 5,M W in the ; - J (Verbal Noun) redering Q %.65 (belief) for Q %u65 and ; .65 (preference) for ; u 65 . r s and ks may be summarized as follows. Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) r | W X r s Fi%.65 r | Don’t believe! Believe! Belief k| W X ks Don’t prefer! Prefer! Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , r | . r = r | + , r | . r s Believed So it is It is believed It was believed A believer So he is He believed He believed F;.65 k| + , k| . k= k| + , k| . ks Preference Preferred So it is It is preferred It was preferred One who prefers So he is He prefers He preferred (d) Form VIII In Form VIII two variations occur. We have the regular form % u (to conspire; conference) in which 5,M W is permitted rendering % . . Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) % Wo W X / % u % . / F;%u F;%. % W| Don’t conspire! Conspire! Conspiracy Conspired Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) + , % W| . % W = % W| So it is It is conspired It was conspired A conspirer 162 Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , % Wo . / % u % . So he is He conspires He conspired & changes to a V and assimilates with the V of Form VIII. From R n (to take) In some verbs, the # $ % we have R N W( (to take up, adopt) rather than R N u . 11.2.2 Negative Imper. Positive Imper. Verbal Noun Passive Participle (noun) R N (W X R N W( FpNWc R N ( Don’t take up! Take up! Taking up Taken up Passive Imperf. Verb Passive Perf. Verb Active Participle (noun) + , R= N (. R N W@= R N ( So it is It is taken up It was taken up One who takes up Active Imperf. Verb Active Perf. Verb + , R= N (. R N W( So he is He takes up He took up & Verbs with medial # $ % Verbs with medial # $ % & are in general regular. 5 PO = (imperative verb) of o" (to ask). It can be prouduced using the o" (ask!) and also by truncating it by dropping the # $ % & and shifting the regular form rendering forward onto the v" rendering " (ask!). When it is at the beginning of a % / (sentence) and not preceded by any B (vowel) it is obligatory to use the truncated form " (ask!). When it is preceded by a B (vowel), we are given the choice of using the truncated form M (so ask!)or the regular form o" 7 or o" 7 . An anomaly occurs with the y ... u" 65 H K5f " w y ... u" 65 H K5f M w y ... O ] +=" w Ask the children of Israel … (al-Quran 2:211) So ask the children of Israel … (al-Quran 17:101) And ask Allah … (al-Quran 4:32) 163