Download Doubled and Hamzated Verbs

Chapter 11
Doubled and Hamzated Verbs
In the Preliminaries chapter we learned that the letters ,
and are weak letters. A weak letter is
called (lit. letter of weakness). When a verb is produced from a root containing a (weak letter), we call it a (weak verb). We shall learn about (weak verbs) in chapter
twelve.
When the root of a verb does not contain any (weak letters), we call it a (strong
verb). All the (verbs) we have encountered so far are (strong). The (strong verb)
is of three types,
1.
! "
(sound: the root is made up of three different
(strong) letters and does not
contain a # $ %
& )
2.
3.
11.1
'
( )
(doubled: the second and third root letters are the same)
* +%, (hamzated: the root contains a hamza)
(The doubled verb)
(verb) in which the second and third root letters are the same is called a '
( )
(doubled
.-/ (from 0 - /),
verb). We have already encountered nouns derived from ‘doubled’ roots such as, 1 (from 1) and %( 2
(from ! % 2). In (verbs) derived from ‘doubled’ roots, the identical
second and third letters are assimilated. This is called 3 40 65 (assimilation) and is indicated by the
symbol 7
8 called a # -( 9 above the doubled letter. Using the root template, we say that the '
( )
(doubled verb) derives from a root and assimilates to render . The :
;5 ) (imperfect) is
< >= . , < > . or < > . .
A
11.1.1
Form I
0 - ; we have the verb (0@ .) 0( ; (to return; reject) which unassimilated
read (0 0 .) 0 0 ; like (C
D .) C
B .
From the root
152
would have
F0 0 ; E F0G ; (0@ .) 0( ; (to return) is conjugated H 2
%
H (in the perfect) as follows.
DRILL #9
Plural
Dual
Singular
(3)
(2)
(1)
They returned
They (two) returned
He returned
(6)
(5)
They returned
They (two) returned
(7)
! You returned
You (two) returned
You returned
(11)
You returned
You (two) returned
Feminine
She returned
(8)
" Third
person
(4)
(9)
(12)
Masculine
Masculine
Second
person
(10)
Feminine
You returned
(14)
(13)
# We returned
I returned
Masculine
and
Feminine
First
person
Notice that from the third person feminine plural (box 6) onwards, the second and third root letters are
not assimilated.
F0 0 ; E F0G ; (0@ .) 0( ; (to return) is conjugated :
5 ;5 )% H (in the imperfect) as follows.
DRILL #10
Plural
Dual
Singular
(3)
(2)
$
$
They return
$
They (two) return
(6)
You return
(7)
You (two) return
(12)
Feminine
She returns
(8)
Third
person
(4)
They (two) return
(9)
Masculine
He returns
(5)
$
They return
(1)
Masculine
You return
(11)
" $%
You return
You (two) return
You return
(14)
Feminine
(13)
#
&
We return
I return
153
Second
person
(10)
Masculine
and
Feminine
First
person
+JK of the '
( )
The I
(doubled verb) obeys the same principle as the ! " (sound
strong verb).
Plural
Dual
Singular
(3)
(2)
(1)
$ " $ " $ " They will never return
They will never return
He will never return
(6)
(5)
$ " " Masculine
" They will never return
They will never return
(9)
(8)
Third
person
(4)
Feminine
She will never return
(7)
3 $L
of the '
( )
(doubled verb) can be produced in two ways. We can use the regular
method and say 0 0 . !
(which is the most commonly found in the Quran) or we can say 0( . ! in which
the 3 $L
is indicated by a so that it looks identical to the I
+JK . The first unassimilated method
% N
= PO (the five verbs) in which the 3 $L
is indicated by Q +@K
R does not occur with = M
The
(omission of the nun).
Plural
Dual
Singular
(3)
(2)
(1)
$ ! $ ! $ / $ ! They did not return
They did not return
He did not return
(6)
$ ! (5)
! They did not return
They did not return
(7)
! ! / ! You did not return
You did not return
You did not return
(11)
! You did not return
You did not return
Feminine
She did not return
(8)
! Third
person
(4)
/ ! (9)
(12)
Masculine
Masculine
Second
person
(10)
%
! Feminine
You did not return
(14)
(13)
# / # ! & / & ! We did not return
I did not return
Masculine
and
Feminine
First
person
5 S >
! " (Active Participle) of the '
( )
(doubled verb) is of the form so from 0( ; we
have 0T ; (one who returns; rejects).
The
154
The
5 +,L
% HT K5U (passive) of (0@ .) 0( ; is (0@ .) 0( ; (it was returned). From the third person feminine
plural (box 6) onwards, the second and third root letters are not assimilated. For example, for the first
person, we have V
0 0 ; (I was returned).
5 +> % ! " (Passive Participle) of the '
( )
(doubled verb) is of the form +=> so from 0( ;
we have 0 0 (returned; rejected).
The
The H
5 , K(
= (negative imperative verb) being 3 $L
is of the form => W X or >= W X .
(3)
(2)
(
(
Do not return!
/ (
Do not return!
(6)
(1)
Masculine
Do not return!
(5)
Second
person
(4)
(
(
%
(
Do not return!
Do not return!
Do not return!
Feminine
5 PO = (imperative verb) being Z S ;5 ) Z S 3 $ L
. YS HT K5U (fixed on what the imperfect is
made 3 $L
upon) is of the form = = or = rendering 0 0 ; = or 0( ; (return!). Notice that it looks exactly
the same as the 5 +,L
% HT K5U (passive), 0( ; (it was returned).
The
(3)
(2)
Return!
/ Return!
(6)
(1)
Masculine
Return!
(5)
Second
person
(4)
%
Return!
Return!
Return!
Feminine
H( 65 [ 0( ;
Return in to me
]
\ H
65 [ @0;
Refer it to Allah
We may summarise the above as follows.
Negative Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal Noun
0( W / 0 0 W X 0( ; / 0 0 ; = F00; E F0G ;
Don’t return!
Return!
Return
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
0 0 + , 0@ .
0( ;
0T ;
+ , 0@ .
0( ;
Returned
So he
is
He is
returned
He was
returned
A returner
So he
is
He
returns
He
returned
155
Like the
! " (sound strong verb), there is variation in the vowelling of the
:
;5 )
(imperfect). We have,
F%W (!@ .) !( W (to be complete) which unassimilated would have read (! % .) ! % W like (_
L
.) _
/ .
XF +=`= (< a .) ` (to continue to be) which unassimilated would have read (= a .) ` like (! , > .) ! ,5 .
The first person is b
` (I continued to be) like b
% ,5 .
You should assume that
> ( )
(doubled verbs) are conjugated in the perfect like ( i.e. V
; .
` type are indicated in the dictionary and vocabulary lists by providing the first person
perfect in brackets after the imperfect in the following way, (b
` ) (7O) ` . In derived forms II
Verbs of the
onwards, the variations that exist in the perfect and imperfect of Form I do not occur.
11.1.2
Form II
Form II of the '
( )
(doubled verb) behaves in the same was as the ! " (sound strong
verb).
F-.-L
W (0 -c L
.) 0 -( / (To renew)
11.1.3
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
0 -c L
W X
0 -c /
F-.-L
W
0 -( L
+ , 0 -( L
.
0 -c /
0 -c L
Don’t renew!
Renew!
Renewal
Renewed
So it
is
It was
renewed
A renewer
It is
renewed
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , 0 -c L
.
0 -( /
So he
is
He
renews
He
renewed
Form V
Form V of the '
( )
(doubled verb) also behaves in the same was as the ! " (sound
strong verb).
F0@0 W (0 0( .) 0 0( W (To hesitate)
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
0 0( W X
0 0( W
F0@0 W
0 0( Don’t
hesitate!
Hesitate!
Hesitation
-
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , 0 0( .
0 0c W
0 0c So he
is
-
-
A hesitator
156
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , 0 0( .
0 0( W
So he
is
He
hesitates
He
hesitated
11.1.4
Form III
F/L (b
L
/ ) (d
@ .) d
( (to argue, dispute)
Negative Imper.
Positive Imper.
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Verbal
Noun
d
( W / e /5 W X d
( / e /5 F/L
Don’t argue!
11.1.5
Argue!
d
T Argument
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , d
@ .
d
( +
d
T It was
argued
An arguer
So it
is
Argued
It is
argued
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , d
@ .
d
( So he
is
He argues
He
argued
Form VI
FfGW (b
UfW) (I
@ .) I
( W (to love one another)
Negative Imper.
I
( W / C
fW X
Don’t love one another!
11.1.6
Positive Imper.
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Verbal Noun
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
Active
Imperf.
Verb
I
( W / C
fW FUfW E FfGW I
T + , I
@ . I
( +W I
T + , I
@ . I
( W
Love one another!
Mutual love
So he
is
-
-
-
Loving
So he
is
They love
one
another
Form IV
FfU 65 (b
UU ) (C
@ .) C
( (to love)
Negative Imper.
Positive Imper.
Verbal
Noun
C
( W / C
U5
W X C
( / C
U5 FfU 65
Don’t love!
11.1.7
Love!
Love
Passive
Participle
(noun)
C
T Loved
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , C
@ .
C
( =
C
T He is
loved
He was
loved
One who
loves
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
So he
is
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , C
@ .
C
( So he
is
He loves
He loved
Form VII
F1jh
i (b
j j h
i) (g@ h
K.) g( h
i (to be split)
Negative Imper.
Positive Imper.
g( h
KW / g j h
KW X g( h
i / g j h
i
Don’t split!
Active
Perf.
Verb
Split!
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
F1jh
i
gT h
K
+ , g@ h
K.
g( h
i=
gT h
K
Splitting
-
So it
is
-
-
Split
Notice that the Active and Passive participles look exactly the same.
157
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , g@ h
K.
g( h
i
So it
is
It is split
It was
split
They
loved one
another
11.1.8
Form VIII
F0-W; (V
0 - W; ) (-@ W .) -( W; (to turn back)
Negative Imper.
-( W W / 0 - W W X -( W; / 0 - W; Don’t turn back!
11.1.9
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
F0-W; -T W Turning
back
-
Positive Imper.
Turn back!
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , -@ W .
-( W; =
-T W So he
is
-
-
One who
turns back
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , -@ W .
-( W; So he
is
He turns
back
He turned
back
Form X
F1j
" (b
j j " ) (g@ M
.) g( " (to deserve)
Negative Imper.
Positive Imper.
Verbal Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
g( M
W / g j M
W X g( " / g j " F1j
" gT M
+ , g@ M
. g( " = gT M
+ , g@ M
. g( " Don’t deserve!
11.1.10
Deserve!
Deserving
It is
deserved
So it
is
Deserved
It was
deserved
One who
deserves
So he
is
He
deserves
) *
(The doubled quadriliteral verb)
Most Arabic roots are made of three letters. These are called H
T kl
k= (triliteral). There are a few roots that
are made of four letters. These are called
HT S f; (quadriliteral). They conjugate in the same way as the
HT kl
k= (triliteral).
Quadriliteral Form I
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal Noun
! /5 W X
! /5 W
F % / W
Don’t
translate!
Translate!
The quadriliteral
Translation
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
! / + , ! / .
! /5 W
! /5 So it
is
It is
translated
It was
translated
Translator
Translated
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , ! /5 .
! / W
So he
is
He
translates
He
translated
'
( )
(doubled verb) is of the form > . The verb (m
+5 " + .) m
+ " means to
whisper. It is conjugated like the regular quadriliteral verb.
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
m
+5 " + W X m
+5 " F " + " m
+ " + + , m
+ " + . m
+5 " m
+5 " + + , m
+5 " + . m
+ " Don’t whisper!
Whisper!
Whisper
Whispered
So it
is
It is
whispered
158
It was
whispered
Whisperer
So he
is
He whispers
He
whispered
He
deserved
11.2
+ ,- (The hamzated verb)
Verbs derived from roots containing a
# $ % &
are called
* +%, (hamzated). They are generally
unproblematic apart from a few phonetic and orthographic changes. A * +%, (hamzated verb) may
have a # $ %
& as the initial, medial or terminal root letter.
11.2.1
Verbs with initial # $ %
&
(a) Form I
# $ % & verbs behave like regular verbs, (R= n o .) R n (to
take), (
= B= o .) B (to eat), (= o .) (to hope), (Q= p o .) Q p (to permit) and ( o .) (to order).
In Form I, the perfect and imperfect of initial
i
Phonetics
When Q
W$ % & (two hamzas) are consecutive, the first q c (vowelled) and
the second r
B " (vowelless), the second changes to a long vowel , or # $ % & . This is called 5,M
W
(pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ %
& , lit. making easy).
corresponding to the vowel on the first
5,M
W (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ % & ) occurs in first person imperfect of initial # $ % &
verbs, rendering,
R= n s (I take)rather than R= n = B= s (I eat) rather than = B= = s (I hope) rather than = Q= p s (I permit) rather than Q= p and
s (I order) rather than .
i
Orthography
# $ % & carrying a is followed by an , the two are assimilated
and a # ( (symbol representing elongation) is placed over the alif s .
When a
159
The above orthography change occurs in the
5 S >
! " (Active
Participle) of the initial
# $ % & verb
rendering,
R n s (taker)
B s (one who eats)
s (one who hopes)
Q p s (one who permits)
s (one who orders)
for R
n for B for for Q
p and
for 5 +> % ! " (Passive Participle) of the initial # $ % & verb is regular. We have p +no (taken), +=Bo (eaten), +o (hoped), Q =po (permitted) and ; +o (ordered).
The
The 5 P
O
= (imperative verb) of initial # $ % & verbs usually follows the regular form. When it is at the
beginning of a %
/ (sentence) and not preceded by any B (vowel) the # $ % & undergoes 5,M
W
& ). From we have = (hope!) for t = and from Q p (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ %
we have Q
R . (Permit!) for Q R u . When it is preceded by a B (vowel) there is no 5,M
W and the # $ % &
t 7 (hope!) and Q R u 7 (permit!). When preceded by or v
is retained, sitting on its seat, rendering the # $ %
& sits on an alif and the 5 + #= $ % & is omitted rendering (and hope!) and Q p o (so permit!).
y ... H Q R u = +=j. r ! , K w
And among them are those who say, ‘permit me …’
(al-Quran 9:49)
O
The 5 P
= (imperative verb) of the two verbs R n (to take) and B (to eat) is truncated by dropping
the initial # $ %
& rendering R n (take!) rather than R n t = and B= (eat!) rather than B= t = .
y ... F f; R N
w
So take four … (al-Quran 2:260)
y ... z
5 ; PO H (% +=B= w
The
5 PO = (imperative verb) of
Eat of what is on the earth …’ (al-Quran 2:168)
(to order) can be produced using both the regular and the
truncated form. When it is at the beginning of a %
/ (sentence) and not preceded by any B (vowel)
(order!). When it is preceded by a B (vowel), we are
given the choice of using the truncated form or the regular form t 7 and .
it is obligatory to use the truncated form
y ,S U5 # l
J
( 5f {
& w
And command your folk to pray and persevere upon it
(al-Quran 20:132)
160
We may summarise the above as follows:
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
R n o W X
R n
FRn
p +no + , R= n | .
R n =
R n s
+ , R= n o .
R n Don’t take!
Take!
Taking
It is taken
It was
taken
A taker
So he
is
He takes
He took
B= o W X
B=
l
F B +=Bo + , = B | .
B =
B s
+ , = B= o .
B Don’t eat!
Eat!
Eating;
food
Eaten
So it
is
It is eaten
It was
eaten
One who
eats
So he
is
He eats
He ate
o W X
/ =
/ t 7
l
F} +o + , = | .
=
s
+ , = o .
Don’t hope!
Hope!
Hope
Hoped
So it
is
It is
hoped
It was
hoped
One who
hopes
So he
is
He hopes
He hoped
Q p o W X
/ Q R .
/ Q R u7
Q p Fip65
Q =po + , Q= p | .
Q p =
Q p s
+ , Q= p o .
Q p Don’t
permit!
Permit!
Permission
Permitted
So he
is
He is
permitted
He was
permitted
One who
permits
So he
is
He
permits
He
permitted
o W X
/ / t 7
F
; +o + , | .
=
s
+ , o .
Don’t order!
Order!
Order
Ordered
So he
is
He is
ordered
He was
ordered
One who
orders
So he
is
He orders
He
ordered
Taken
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
So it
is
The following is exposition of the forms that usually cause students problems. Unproblematic forms
have been left out.
(b) Form III
n s (to reproach) from R n .
In Form III we have the verb R
R n s may be summarized as follows.
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
R n ~W X
R n s
#F R n ~
R n ~
Don’t
reproach!
Reproach!
Reproach
Reproached
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , R= n ~.
R n =
R n ~
So he
is
He is
reproached
He was
reproached
A
reproacher
161
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , R= n ~.
R n s
So he
is
He
reproaches
He
reproached
(c) Form IV
s (to believe) and
In Form IV we have the verbs r
ks (to prefer) from r and k . As is evident, the
perfect verb of Form IV looks the same as that of Form III. The imperfect verbs are of course different.
5,M
W (pronouncing a long vowel in the place of # $ % & ) occurs in the passive perfect rendering r = (it
was believed) for r
t = and k = (it was preferred) for kt = .
We also have
5,M
W in the ; - J
(Verbal Noun) redering Q %.65 (belief) for Q %u65 and ; .65 (preference)
for ; u 65 .
r s and ks may be summarized as follows.
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal
Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
r | W X
r s
Fi%.65
r | Don’t
believe!
Believe!
Belief
k| W X
ks
Don’t prefer!
Prefer!
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , r | .
r =
r | + , r | .
r s
Believed
So it
is
It is
believed
It was
believed
A believer
So he
is
He
believed
He believed
F;.65
k| + , k| .
k=
k| + , k| .
ks
Preference
Preferred
So it
is
It is
preferred
It was
preferred
One who
prefers
So he
is
He prefers
He
preferred
(d) Form VIII
In Form VIII two variations occur. We have the regular form %
u (to conspire; conference) in which
5,M
W is permitted rendering % . .
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
% Wo W X
/ % u
% .
/ F;%u
F;%.
% W| Don’t
conspire!
Conspire!
Conspiracy
Conspired
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , % W| .
% W =
% W| So it
is
It is
conspired
It was
conspired
A conspirer
162
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , % Wo .
/ % u
% .
So he
is
He
conspires
He
conspired
& changes to a V and assimilates with the V of Form VIII. From R n (to take)
In some verbs, the # $ %
we have R
N
W( (to take up, adopt) rather than R N
u .
11.2.2
Negative
Imper.
Positive
Imper.
Verbal Noun
Passive
Participle
(noun)
R N
(W X
R N
W(
FpNWc
R N
(
Don’t take
up!
Take up!
Taking up
Taken up
Passive
Imperf.
Verb
Passive
Perf.
Verb
Active
Participle
(noun)
+ , R= N
(.
R N
W@=
R N
(
So it
is
It is taken
up
It was
taken up
One who
takes up
Active
Imperf.
Verb
Active
Perf.
Verb
+ , R= N
(.
R N
W(
So he
is
He takes
up
He took up
&
Verbs with medial # $ %
Verbs with medial # $ %
& are in general regular.
5 PO = (imperative verb) of o" (to ask). It can be prouduced using the
o" (ask!) and also by truncating it by dropping the # $ % & and shifting the regular form rendering forward onto the v" rendering " (ask!). When it is at the beginning of a % / (sentence) and not
preceded by any B
(vowel) it is obligatory to use the truncated form " (ask!). When it is preceded
by a B
(vowel), we are given the choice of using the truncated form M
(so ask!)or the regular
form o" 7 or o" 7 .
An anomaly occurs with the
y ... u" 65 H K5f " w
y ... u" 65 H K5f €M
w
y ... O ] +=€" w
Ask the children of Israel … (al-Quran 2:211)
So ask the children of Israel … (al-Quran 17:101)
And ask Allah … (al-Quran 4:32)
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