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Evolution Unit Review Name KEY In the space provided write the term that fits with the situation described or example given from the list below. Terms may be used more than once! Speciation, Natural Selection, Variation, Selective Pressure, Heritability, Coevolution, Geographic Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Clade, Gene Pool, Genetic Drift, Fitness: 1.) The finches from one island in the Galapagos flew to a second island. The finches on the first island had shorter beaks than the ones of the second island. The longer beaked finches performed a courtship practice that included using a longer beak move objects. The birds with shorter beaks could not perform this practice and did not find mates to interbreed with. This is an example of _Behavioral Isolation 2.) In South America all finches that breed together would be part of Gene Pool of traits of South American finches. 3.) Dogs, wolves, coyotes, dingos are all very closely related. When the phylogeny of these organism was examined they formed a group known as? Clade Finches that first arrived on some Galapagos islands encountered seeds with very hard outer shells. The beaks in the finch population varied in thickness and size. Over many generations finches with larger and harder beaks survived to reproduce and the population of finches with this trait increased. 4.) The hard shells on the seeds are an example of Selective Pressure (for the finches)_ 5.) The larger, harder beaks on some of the finches was an example of greater Fitness_______ to the local environment. 6.) The fact that the finches with thicker beaks had offspring with thicker beaks trait, not all birds in the original population had the same form of beak, and the food source of seeds had thick tough outer coverings allows us to conclude that Natural Selection_____ was the reason for the evolution of the finch population. 7.) The same birds flew to another island to nest where an active volcano existed. One group of birds nested on the North slope the other on the South slope. The volcano erupted but sent ash and lava down the North face only. By coincidence birds on the North side had a greater number of birds with longer beaks. This changed the overall population makeup of the birds. This is a example of Genetic drift__ 8.) Finches on the main land look very different finches on the islands. Over many generations the birds on the island have only have breed with other birds on the island. This is an example of _Geographic isolation___ 9.) The process, by any means, that creates new species of organisms is called ___Speciation_ 10.) Any environmental factor that tends to move evolution in one direction is known as _Selective Pressure_ 11.) Hummingbirds are attracted to colors like red and orange. Hummingbirds tend to have long beaks that allow them access to flowers with deep pockets of nectar. Flowers with deep pockets of nectar tend to be red and orange. This is an example of Coevolution__. 12.) For natural selection to take place the following conditions must exist: Variation of traits , Selective pressure (environmental), Increased Fitness of the trait, Heritability of a trait 13.) Marine Iguanas exist only on Galapagos. Their close relative exists on the South American mainland. On the mainland they eat fruits and berries – but on Galapagos they eat seaweed by swimming. See the description below of their adaptations. Choose 1 adaptation and describe the process (in detail) from how they came to Galapagos AND to how a new species was formed. Include a set of storyboards (use another sheet of paper if needed) Marine iguana adaptations The short, blunt nose is well-adapted to feeding on algae growing on rocks. The flattened tail is perfect for swimming, propelling the iguana through the water while its legs hang useless at its sides. Iguanas rid themselves of excess salt, consumed along with the algae, by a special gland connected to their nostrils. Iguana on coastal South America are swept out to sea on a raft of vegetation by a storm or tsunami. A small population arrive on Galapagos (Founder Effect). This group finds little food available. A small group within the population has a greater tolerance of salt water than others. This group enters the ocean and finds sea week (Kelp) in abundance to eat. This group survives longer, reproduces and passes on the salt tolerance gene. Over thousands of generations this ability is passed on to all iguana in this breeding population. 14.) Give an example and explain each of the following forms of animal behavior: Innate, Learned, Social. Innate – a behavior an organism is born with – kangaroo babies go to pouch Learned - A behavior an organism acquires in its lifetime – Geese flying south Social – a behavior an organism uses with other members of its species – lions hunting together 15.) Explain the difference between Darwin’s Theory for evolution and Lamarck’s. Darwin believed species changes through the process of natural selection over many generations. Traits that are most fit for the environment survive to be passed on to future generations Lamarck believed organisms strived to improve during their lifetimes. These acquired traits were passed on to offspring. 16.) Create an “arrow style” cladogram given the data below: 17.) Many people believe modern dogs and dingos have a common ancestor. How would you prove there was an evolutionary relationship between them? Be sure to explain ALL methods used and to give specific examples of each. 1 – the fossils of dogs and dingos could be compared 2 – the homologous structures found in dogs and dingos could show relationship 3 – the embryo development could be compared 4 – the DNA of Dogs and Dingos could be compared the more similarities the more closely related they are. 18.) List 5 examples of adaptations found in living things AND explain why each of them increase the “fitness” of the organism for its environment: (This can be any living thing) 1 Peppered Moth camouflage – blends in with trees is not preyed upon as frequently 2 Primates opposable thumb – allows use of tools grasping of food 3 Whale – dorsal “blow hole” – allows exposing minimum parts of body and still be able to breath air 4 Viceroy butterfly - mimicry of Monarch butterfly pattern reduces predation because of confusing predators into believing it is a bad tasting butterfly 5 Woodpeckers – long tongue allows extraction of insects from holes made trees . 19.) Complete the table of the characteristics of the kingdoms in Table 2-3. Characteristic Eubacteria cell type Protista Eukaryotic Fungi Eukaryotic Plantae Animalia Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Single Cell Single & multi - multicellular prokaryotic body form Single Cell method of obtaining food Heterotrophs Autotroph Autotrophs Autotrophs or or heterotrophs, heterotrophs multicellular Heterotrophs Examples All common bacteria Euglena, ameoba, algae Mushrooms Mold yeast Trees Flowers grasses Vertebrates invertebrates 20.) Use the key below to classify the following birds: Dichotomous Key A B C D E F Strix varia Struthio camelus Archilochus colubris Gyps Fulvus Anas peking Megascops asio 21.) List the major phyla of invertebrate animals and a short description of each 1 Porifera – sponges - asymmetrical 2 Cnideria – jellyfish, coral, sea anemone – radial symmetry – stinging cells 3 Platyhelminthes – tapeworms, planaria - bilateral symmetry 4 Annelida – earthworms – leeches – bilateral symmetry – segmented body 5 Arthopoda – insects, spiders, lobster, crab shrimp – bilateral symmetry - exoskeleton 6 Mollusca – clams, oysters, snails, squid, octopus – bilateral symmetry 7 Echinodermata – starfish, sea urchins – radial or pentaradial symmetry spiny skin water vascular system 22.) List the major classes of Chordates and a short description of each 1 Aganatha - jawless fish 2 Amphibia – frogs, toads, salamanders – eggs in water, metamorphosis. 3 Aves – birds of all types – hollow bones, feathers, warm blooded, 4 chamber heart 4 Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish – sharks, skates, rays – have jaws skeleton of cartilage 5 osteichthyes - boney fish – jaws skeleton of bone – gills 6 Reptilia – lizards, snakes, turtles – cold blooded amniote egg 7 Mammalia – whales, cows, dogs, apes, humans – 4 chambered heart, homothermic, milk producing, live birth mostly 3 groups Placentals – most with full term live birth Marsupials – kangaroos, opossum, koala – baby born early develops in pouch Monotreme - egg layers - echidna, platypus 23.) Go to the internet and give the complete classification (all levels) of a blue heron. 24.) Describe the characteristics of a virus Characteristics of Viruses. They have no cell parts. They typically have strands of DNA or RNA. They are covered with a protective coat of protein called the CAPSID. They are inactive when not inside a living cell, but are active when inside another living cell (host). Antibiotics cannot be used for a virus 25.) Describe and give examples of vascular and nonvascular plants. : Vascular plants have xylem and phloem vessels that carry food and water throughout the plant – include all trees, grasses, bushes, etc – 2 groups angiosperms and gymnosperms Nonvascular plants – have no vessels, short 1 – 3 inches tall , use osmosis to move water, use water for reproduction – mosses, liverworts, hornworts 26.) What is the difference between xylem and phloem? Where is each located in the trunk a tree? Xylem is the tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the tree or plant in trees it is in the inner wood Phloem is the tissue that carries food (glucose) from the leaves to the rest of the plant – in the outer wood under bark of a tree 27.) Describe Endosymbiosis and the evidence for it. The theory says that ancient species of single celled organisms engulfed other single celled organisms and incorporated them as a part of themselves. Both Mitochondria and Cholorplasts..... 1.) Have their own DNA 2.) Have membranes around them different in structure from the cell membranes 3.) If destroyed by damage outside the cell cannot be replaced by cell processes other than replication 28.) Describe the contributions to the theory of evolution by the following scientists Darwin evolution by natural selection Lyell geologist that studied layers (strata) of rocks. Processes happening today may give insight into what was happening in the past Malthus Economist who studied population trends noted how strong overcame weak LaMarck evolution by acquired traits creatures developed traits during their lifetime give those traits to their offspring - first to recognize change Wallace Naturalist that also proposed evolution by natural selection at similar time to Darwin It would also be very helpful to review all readings, worksheets, and the quiz to help you prepare for the test!