Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Psychology 3720 - U of L Class Index
Document related concepts
Thin-slicing wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Social perception wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Organizational behavior wikipedia , lookup
Parent management training wikipedia , lookup
Applied behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Classical conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Psychology 3720 Learning Dr. D Lecture 15 Operant conditioning: More on reinforcement Noncontingent reinforcement Superstition Theories of reinforcement 1 More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement reinforcement is delivered independent of any response More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement reinforcement is delivered independent of any response Fixed time schedules are those in which reinforcement is delivered at regular time intervals regardless of the animal’ animal’s behavior FT – 30 sec 2 More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement reinforcement is delivered independent of any response Variable time schedules are those in which reinforcement is delivered at irregular unpredictable time intervals regardless of the animal’ animal’s behavior VT – 30 sec More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement Superstition = An irrational belief that an object, action, or circumstance not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome. R Æ SR 3 More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement Superstition More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement What happens when you superimpose a FT or VT schedule over a a contingent schedule? FR30 + VT 45 sec Æ the “contract year effect” effect” 4 More operant conditioning phenomena Noncontingent reinforcement Are noncontingent schedules inherently bad? unconditional positive regard More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Is reinforcement necessary for learning? 5 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Is reinforcement necessary for learning? latent learning learning that occurs in the absence of any observable demonstration of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of circumstances performance vs. learning More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement What associations does reinforcement strengthen? SD : R Æ SR SD and R SD and SR R and SR 6 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement What associations does reinforcement strengthen? SD : R Æ SR Rescorla’ Rescorla’s experiment: R and SR More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement What associations does reinforcement strengthen? SD : R Æ SR Rescorla’ Rescorla’s experiment: SD and SR 7 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Definition is circular in identifying and explaining reinforcers a reinforcer is a stimulus that increases the probability of the behavior that precedes it Why is it a reinforcer? reinforcer? ….because it increases the probability of the behavior that preceded it Why does it increase the probability of the behavior that preceded it? …. because it is a reinforcer More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Needs reduction theory an event is reinforcing to the extent that it satisfies a basic physiological requirement of life food, warmth, avoidance of pain 8 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Needs reduction theory but many reinforcers do not satisfy “needs” needs” but satisfaction of some “needs” needs” is not reinforcing More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Drive reduction theory a reduction in the strength of any sort of strong stimulation of the organism is reinforcing Still problems …. what’ what’s “strong” strong”? some reinforcers increase intensity of stimulation 9 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? reinforcer? TransTrans-situationality A stimulus determined to be a reinforcer in one situation will also be a reinforcer for that individual in other situations More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? TransTrans-situationality A stimulus determined to be a reinforcer in one situation will also be a reinforcer for that individual in other situations But … 10 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? David Premack argued that reinforcers can be thought of as behaviors rather than stimuli or events candy vs eating candy receptive female vs sexual interactions music vs listening to music access to running wheel vs running in the wheel More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? The Premack Principle any behavior of higher probability can serve as a reinforcer for a behavior of lower probability SD : R Æ SR (RL Æ RH) Hungry: running in a wheel Æ eating At home: doing chores Æ watching TV 11 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? The Premack Principle More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? The Premack Principle (1963) experiment with monkeys plunger pulling (low prob), prob), door opening (medium prob), prob), lever pressing (high prob) prob) 12 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? reinforcer? The Premack Principle (1963) experiment with monkeys Contingency Result Conclusion P Æ L D Æ L P Æ D L Æ D D Æ P L Æ P More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Response Deprivation Theory a behavior can serve as a reinforcer when 1) access to the behavior is restricted and 2) its frequency thereby falls below its preferred level of occurrence “don’t it always seem to go that you don’t know what you’ve got til its gone you pave paradise and put up a parking lot” 13 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Response Deprivation Theory wheel running Æ preferred 1 hour a day access granted for 15 min/day wheel running could now serve as a SR for any behavior More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Response Deprivation Theory high probability behaviors are still potentially more effective reinforcers 0 probability behaviors cannot be used in positive reinforcement 14 More operant conditioning phenomena Theories of reinforcement Can we predict what will be a reinforcer? Response Deprivation Theory vs Premack Principle the frequency of a behavior relative to its baseline vs. the frequency of one behavior relative to another 15
