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Transcript
The Renaissance Basic Questions to hit key themes 1. What is the Renaissance? 2. Where did the Renaissance come from? 3. Did the Renaissance effect all people in the same way? 4. How were the Renaissance of the North and South Different? 1 Southern Renaissance Humanism Secularism Individualism Classical Values Northern Renaissance Christian Humanism Thomas More Utopia Desiderius Erasmus Secularism Individualism Classical Values In Praise of Folly 2 Petrarch – Father of Humanism • 1333 – Found 2 lost manuscripts of Cicero & spent the rest of his life collecting more. – Library contained: all available works of great Roman poets, Iliad, Odyssey, Aristotle’s main books, St. Augustine’s Confessions, the Divine Comedy (Dante), The Decameron (Boccaccio). • 1341 – Named Poet Laureate of Rome. – Some say this was the start of the Renaissance – Wrote love poetry, biographies of heroes, obsessed with fame, debated qualities of good literature with Boccaccio. Big impact on literature! – The works of Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio developed the English language. • Near the end of his life said “I do not ask to be God and possess eternity & fill heaven and earth. Human glory is enough for me.” Background to the Italian Renaissance • Italian City-States – Not ruled by a single monarch. – Wealthy from trade. – Lots of autonomy; different kinds of governments developed (monarchies, papal states, or republics). – States named after the city that ruled them (ex: Florence). • New Social Classes due to concentration of wealth & power – Land = wealth in Middle Ages. Held by Nobles only. – Now, Wealth mostly in hands of non-aristocrats. – Nobility borrowed money to gamble, party, fight wars, etc. & defaulted on loans. • Lost parts of their lands to wealthy bankers. • By the end of the 15th c. most wealth transferred from nobles (including Pope) to commercial class. 3 Hierarchy of Renaissance Italy 5 Classes, but different around Italy. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • TOP: Old Nobility & Merchant Class that ruled the cities. Emerging capitalist and bankers that identified with lower class, but wanted to be as powerful as top class. Less wealthy merchants and trades-people Poor & destitute. 25% - 35% of urban population. Domestic Slaves. Few in number. Reintroduction of slavery as an economic practice to Europe. Lowest three classes resented the top two. 4 Florence, Italy & The Medici Family • Rise of Towns & Town government = regular citizens in government. • Florence, Italy: Merchants became more powerful than nobles (and often wealthier). – 1400s: One powerful banking family too control of the Florentine government after 200 years of citizen control (republican government). • Cosimo de Medici – Richest man in Europe – Dictator of Florence for 30 years. – Patron of the arts. • The Italian Renaissance • “Renaissance” – French for “rebirth” (rinascimento in Italian). • Italy was the logical starting place as Rome was part of its history. – Specifically Florence; home to Dante, Machiavelli, Boccaccio, the Medicis. Center of trade. Roman ruins. • Other later Renaissances: – English Renaissance 16th – 17th c. – German Renaissance 15th – 16th c. – Northern Renaissance after 1500 – French Renaissance 15th – 17th c. – Renaissance in the Netherlands 1500s – Polish Renaissance 15th -16th – Spanish Renaissance 15th – 16th c. – Renaissance architecture in Eastern Europe 1500s 5 Art History – Precursors of the Renaissance. • 11th –12th centuries, Italy was mostly influenced by Byzantine Art. • By the 13th century shifts in W. European Art. • Classic Byzantine Image – Traits? Precursors of the Renaissance • Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267-1337) • created new developments. • Born near Florence (center of Renaissance culture) • “Brought the art of painting out of Medieval darkness and into daylight” - Boccaccio • Petrarch (father of humanism) owned one of his pieces 6 Cimabue c. 1280-90 vs. Giotto c. 1310 Duccio, Kiss of Judas, 1308-11 vs. Giotto, Kiss of Judas, 1305 7 Early 15th Century Painting • Masaccio (1401-c.1428) – Used innovations of Giotto – Developed a revolutionary new monumental style with scientific perspective. – Single vanishing point would be at eye level of the observer. – “Reminder of death” – Realism • The Holy Trinity – In the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, commissioned by the Lenzi family Filippo Lippi c. 1406-69 Madonna and Child with Scenes from the Life of Saint Anne (1450s). Pitti Palace, Florence • Lippi was an orphan – grew up in a monastery that had Masaccio’s frescoes. • Christ with a pomegranate • Passing of time – Perspective • Individualism – Mary • Classical Values 8 • Andrea Mantegna – Northern Italy’s leading painter in the late 1400s. • Ceiling of the Camera degli Sposi, Ducal Palace, Mantua, Italy. 1474. Fresco . – Shows the artists humor. – New perspective; illusion Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) Birth of Venus 1482 commissioned by the Medici Family 9 Jan van Eyck (c. 1380/90 – 1441) Arnolfini Portrait The High Renaissance in Italy late 15th into 16th c. • Age of great accomplishments in Western Art • Politically: time of tension and turbulence. • Ambitious & odd popes, made Rome the artistic center of Italy – Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X • Goals: Reassert authority over all Christians, stamp out heresy & bring uniformity to Christian belief, hold political power over Papal States, Drive Ottoman Turks out of Europe (it seemed as if they would take over Europe). – Popes = very politically active; criticized by Northern Humanists. – These popes were also patrons to some of the best Renaissance artists. (Julius II hired Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel) 10 Artists of the High Renaissance • Time period dominated by a small number of powerful artistic personalities. – Leonardo da Vinci (Florentine) – Bramante (Roman) – Michelangelo (Florentine) – Raphael (Florentine) – Giorgione (Venetian) – Titian (leader of the Venetian school) • Only Titian and Michelangelo lived beyond 1520, when new artistic styles began to emerge and the short period of the High Renaissance ended. Donatello • Focus on human body • Focus on Personality • David as a boy (became King of Israel) • 1460s • First European sculpture of large, freestanding nude since ancient times. 11 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • Embryo in the Womb c. 1510, • Many Renaissance artists studied human anatomy • Leonardo studied musculature and the reproductive, digestive & respiratory systems. – More than artistic interest! The Last Supper (c. 1495-98) • Individualism • Classical Values 12 The Mona Lisa c. 1503-5 • Use of nature, architecture, human form, geometry, & character. • Repeated shapes and colors – landscape reflects Leonardo’s description of the human body as a metaphor for the earth (flesh = soil, bones = rocks, blood = waterways) Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Pieta (1498-1500) Marble • Architect, painter, writer, but mostly saw himself as a sculptor • Talent recognized by the Medici family before he was 16 – They paid for his education (exposed him to classical art & humanist thought) • Moved to Rome to work for the Pope • Pieta was his first monumental work & his only signed work. 13 David 1501-1504 •Michelangelo was 26 when he created this. •Commissioned by a Church (wanted biblical heroes) •Biblical King David •Before the fight – thinking about the battle. •Came to symbolize the fight of Florence to stay a free Republic. •Chest & hands are larger than normal. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome 1508-12 14 Creation of Adam • Most famous image from the Sistine Chapel • Is God giving him life… or knowledge? 15 Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) (1483-1520) The School of Athens Who’s who in the School of Athens? 2. Epicurus, 6. Pythagoras, 7. Alcibiades or Alexander the Great, 12. Socrates, 13. Heraclitus (Michelangelo), 14. Plato (Leonardo da Vinci), 15. Aristotle, 18. Euclid (Bramante), 19. Zoroaster, 20. Ptolemy. R = Raphael 16 Bramante Giorgione Titian The Downside of the Renaissance. • The Renaissance didn’t introduce only good cultural phenomena – More volatile class division due to quick growing wealth of some. – Legal status of women declined severely. – Slavery reintroduced. • Slavery reintroduced as early as 1100s. – Spanish started as key slave traders, but Italians became large consumers of human slaves as city-states grew. – Not yet racial slavery. Most were Muslims from Spain, North Africa, Crete, Balkans, and Ottoman Empire. – Very few black slaves in Iberian Peninsula & Italy. 17 The Downside of the Renaissance. • Slaves in Italy – Most were domestic servants – Most wealthy in cities had at least one – When purchased owner got full rights, including right to sell and “enjoy” the slave. – Slaves children were born free. – If a slave owner & slave had a child, the slave owner would raise the child as a legitimate. • Slavery outside of Italy – Venetian sugar cane plantations on Cyprus and Crete – New kind of “plantation slavery” developed – Sugar is labor intensive & the cheapest labor was needed. 18