Download APBiology 11

Biology 11E
Evolution
Name __________________
Big Ideas:
Big Idea
Chapters
Illustrative Examples
1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.a.1 Natural selection is a major 22.2, 23.2
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies
mechanism of evolution
in a population
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium equation
1.a.2 Natural selection acts on
23.1, 23.4
• Flowering time in relation to global
phenotypic variations in
climate change
populations
• Peppered moth
• Sickle-Cell Anemia
• DDT resistance in insects
• Artificial selection
• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop
species
• Overuse of antibiotics
1.a.3 Evolutionary change is also 23.3
driven by random processes
1.a.4: Biological evolution is
22.3, 25.2
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies
supported by scientific evidence
in a population
from many disciplines, including
• Analysis of sequence data sets
mathematics
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees
• Construction of pylogenetic trees
based on sequence data
1.b.1: Organisms share many
25.1, 25.3
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural
conserved core processes and
proteins that facilitate cell movement,
features that evolved and are
morphological integrity and organelle
widely distributed among
transport)
organisms today.
• Membrane-bound organelles
(mitochondria and/or chloroplasts)
• Linear chromosomes
•Endomembrane systems, including the
nuclear envelope
1.b.2: Phylogenetic trees and
26.1, 26.2, 26.3 • Number of heart chambers in animals
cladograms are graphical
• Opposable thumbs
representations (models) of
• Absence of legs in some sea mammals
evolutionary histories can be
tested.
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Big Idea
Big Idea
Big Idea
1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.c.1: Speciation and extinction
24.3, 24.4, 25.4 • Five major extinctions
have occurred throughout the
• Human impact on ecosystems and
Earth’s history,
species extinction rates
1.c.2: Speciation may occur when
two populations become
reproductively isolated from
each other.
1.c.3: Populations of organisms
continue to evolve.
24.1
1.d.1: There are several
hypotheses about the natural
origin of life on Earth, each with
supporting scientific evidence
1.d.2 Scientific evidence from
many different disciplines
supports models of the origin of
life.
4.1, 25.1, 25.3
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24.2
• Chemical resistance
• Emergent diseases
• Observed directional phenotypic
change in a population
• A eukaryotic example that describes
evolution of a structure or process such
as heart chambers, limbs, the brain and
the immune system.
26.6
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Descent by modification
Reference: Chapter 22
Purpose: To explore and understand the mechanisms involved in evolution and how it
has created the diversity of life we see around ourselves today.
Read page 462 of chapter 22: Endless forms most beautiful.
Describe the adaptation of an organism, other than Synchlora aerata that has surprised
you in the way that it has adapted for survival.
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Who was Charles Darwin?
“F
rom my early youth I have had the strongest desire to understand
or explain whatever I observed—that is, to group all facts under
some general laws. These causes combined have given me the
patience to reflect or ponder for any number of years over any unexplained
problem.…I have steadily endeavoured to keep my mind free,
so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I cannot
resist forming one on every subject), as soon as facts are shown to be
opposed to it. Indeed I have had no choice but to act in this manner,
for with the exception of the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a single
first-formed hypothesis which had not after a time to be given up or
greatly modified.”
“I…followed a golden rule that whenever a published fact, a new observation
or thought came across me, which was opposed to my general
results, to make a memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had
found by experience that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to
escape from memory than favorable ones.”
“During some part of the day I wrote my Journal, and took much pains
in describing carefully and vividly all that I had seen; and this was good
practice.…Everything about which I thought or read was made to bear
directly on what I had seen and was likely to see; and this habit of mind
was continued during the five years of the voyage. I feel sure that it was
this training which has enabled me to do whatever I have done in science.”
– Charles Darwin,
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
(Nora Barlow, ed., pp. 141, 123, 78)
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When did Charles Darwin publish The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection?
______1859
Examine fig. 22.2 on page 463 The intellectual context of Darwin’s ideas.
Here is a diagram to put Darwin into ‘historical context’:
This map shows the extent of Darwin’s voyage: In what year did Darwin set sail on the
HMS Beagle? ___1831_______
View the videos on Darwin and the Galapagos Islands, Galapagos Marine Iguanas,
Galapagos Sea Lions, and Galapagos Tortoises in concepts 22.1 on the website, and
Activity: Darwin and the Galápagos Islands
Activity: The Voyage of the Beagle: Darwin's Trip Around the World
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What are the two major ideas contained in Darwin’s book, the Origin of Species?
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What is natural selection?
____A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits would tend to
survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of these traits.
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What are evolutionary adaptations?
_______Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and
reproduction in specific environments.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with classifying organisms into groups with
common/shared characteristics. ____________________________
What are some contributions of Carolus Linnaeus to the study of taxonomy?
_____He developed the binomial format of Genus and species for identification and he
categorised organisms into Kingdoms, Phylum, Classes, Orders, and Families.
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How have fossils been important in the study of evolution? See Grand Canyon video in
Art and Videos and Act 22
___Helped to determine the age of organisms and therefore when they evolved and how
they progressed or changed over time. _______________________________________
How did the ideas of Hutton and Lyell influence Darwin’s thinking about the evolution of
life?
___Geologists had studied the changes in the rocks and earth and Darwin agreed that as a
result of their findings earth must be much older than it was thought to be at that time.
Darwin applied the idea of gradual change to living organisms and nature.
How did the ideas of Thomas Malthus influence Darwin’s thinking?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/5/l_025_01.htmlDarwin’s dangerous idea.
___Darwin applied the idea that: – often the ugly ducklings survive better and nature selects them
to pass on their traits to future generations.
The struggle for resources slows growth in humans and he made the connection to nature. Man is
no exception to nature’s cauldron also produces many offspring and only few survive.
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What is the main idea behind Lamarck’s idea of use and disuse?
__Parts of body not used will deteriorate and be lost. Those that are used will become
stronger with time. ______________
What is the main idea behind Larmarck’s idea of the inheritance of acquired
characteristics?
__Aquired traits can be passed to offspring
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What does Darwin mean by ‘descent with modification’? Page 467 ---Examine Fig 22.8 on page
468.
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What is ‘artificial selection’?
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How did his observations of artificial selection affect Darwin’s thinking about evolution?
____He noted that humans selected and bred individuals that possess desired traits and
that these individuals often bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors.
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What two observations and inferences did Darwin base his theory of natural selection on?
Observation #1 (Fig 22.10 page 469)
Observation #2 (Fig 22.11)
Inference #1
Inference #2
Review the summary of Darwin’s theory of natural selection leading to adaptation on
page 470. Make a note if it helps you to understand this.
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Concept 22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific
evidence.
See: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_03.html on evolution of
camouflage in praying mantis.
How does the development of pesticide resistance in insects provide good evidence for
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection?
See: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/4/l_104_03.html
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Understand Inquiry in Fig. 22.13
Read and understand all of page 471
The evolution of drug resistant bacteria – page 472
How does the evolution of drug resistance in HIV patients provide good evidence for
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection?
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What is a homology?
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What are anatomical homologies and how do they provide evidence for evolution? (See
website activity on homologous limbs.)
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What are vestigial organs? How do they provide evidence for evolution? Give some
examples.
____Organs that have lost their original function. Appendix was used for digesting
cellulose in herbivores.
Wisdom teeth, tail bone in humans, chestnuts on horses and dew claws on dogs, hind
limbs in snakes are internal and whale hind limbs.
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What are embryological homologies? How do they provide evidence for evolution? Give
an example.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u
AZmLYWEPGk What can embryos
tell us about evolution?
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What are molecular homologies? Give an example.
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This evolutionary tree is based on anatomical and DNA sequence data.
What is biogeography? Page 476
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How does biogeography provide evidence
for evolution?
fossils found in different areas or on
different continents may have common
ancestors. Fossils in the Antarctic are similar
to those in southern Africa and South
America.
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Convergent evolution
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How do the sugar glider and flying squirrel provide a good example of convergent
evolution?
__Sugar gliders are marsupials from Australia and flying squirrels are placentals but both
can ‘fly’ due to skin flap on body.
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What are analogous organs? Give examples.
_____different structures with the similar function. __wings in birds and insects ,
elephant trunks and shrews. _
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How does the evolution of the fruit fly Drosophila on the Hawaiian Islands provide a
good example of divergent evolution (or adaptive radiation)?
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How many species of Drosophila are there on the Hawaiian Islands? _______________
How does the evolution of the finches in the Galapagos provide an example of divergent
evolution?
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The transition to life in the sea. P. 476
How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution? Eg whale evolution.
Fig 22.20 is very important.
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