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Following Cleisthenes' democratic reforms, Athens attained its Golden Age under Pericles in the fifth century BCE and flourished culturally, before it was defeated by Sparta and conquered by Macedon in the fourth century BCE. LEARNING OBJECTIVES [ edit ] Explain how Pericles' reforms contributed to the Golden Age of Athens Explain the factors contributing to the rise and fall of Athens KEY POINTS [ edit ] Cleisthenes overthrew the dictator Hippias in 511/510 BCE to establish democracy at Athens. The Ionian Revolt provoked a Persian invasion of Greece, which was beat back by the Athenians with the help of othercitystates. These victories led to the formation of the Delian League. Athens entered its Golden Age in the fifth century BCE, when it abandoned the pretense of parity and relocated the treasury of the Delian League from Delos to Athens. This money funded the building of the Athenian Acropolis, put half the Athenian population on the public payroll, and maintained dominating naval power in the Greek world. With the empire's funds, military dominance and its political fortunes guided by statesman and orator Pericles, Athens produced some of the most influential and enduring cultural artifacts of the Western tradition. The resulting tensions brought about the Peloponnesian War(431–404 BCE), in which Athens was defeated by its rivalSparta. Athens lost further power when the armies of Philip II defeated an alliance of some of the Greek citystates and effectively ended Greek independence. TERMS [ edit ] Acropolis a settlement, especially a citadel, built upon an area of elevated ground, frequently a hill with precipitous sides, chosen for purposes of defense. Oftentimes the nuclei of large cities of classical antiquity. Delian League founded in 478 BCE, an association of Greek citystates under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to fight the Persian Empire during the GrecoPersian Wars. Philip II was a king of the Greek kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III. To him is attributed the phrase divide et impera (Divide and conquer). Ionian Revolt military rebellions by several regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499493 BCE. Athens a major urban center during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508–322 BCE) and leader of the Delian League, located in Attica, Greece. Pericles prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age, in the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Give us feedback on this content: FULL TEXT [ edit ] The Rise of Athens (508–448 BCE) In 514 BCE, the dictator Hippias established stability and prosperity with his rule at Athens, but remained very unpopular. With the help of an army from Sparta, in 511/510 BCE, he was overthrown by Cleisthenes, a radical politician of aristocratic background, who established democracy in Athens. Prior to the rise of Athens, Sparta, a citystate with a militaristic culture, considered itself the leader of the Greeks, and enforced an hegemony. In 499 BCE Athens sent troops to aid the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, who were rebelling against the Persian Empire in the Ionian Revolt. This provoked two Persian invasions of Greece, both of which were repelled under the leadership of the soldierstatesmen Miltiades and Themistocles during the Persian Wars. Through the following decades, the Athenians, with the help of the Spartans, managed to rout the Persians. These victories enabled Athens to bring most of the Aegean and many other parts of Greece together in the Delian League, creating an Atheniandominated alliance. GreekPersian Duel Athenian Hegemony and the Age of Pericles The fifth century BCE was a period of Athenian political hegemony, economic growth and cultural flourishing sometimes known as the Golden Age of Athens. The latter part of this time period is often called The Age of Pericles. This period began in 478 BCE after defeat of the Persian invasion, when an Athenianled coalition of citystates, known as the Delian League, confronted the Persians to keep the liberated Asian Greek cities free. After peace was made with Persia in the mid the 5th century BCE, what started as an alliance of independent citystates became an Athenian empire. Athens moved to abandon the pretense of parity among its allies and relocated the Delian League treasury from Delos to Athens, where it funded the building of the Athenian Acropolis, put half its population on the public payroll, and maintained dominating naval power in the Greek world. With the empire's funds, military dominance and its political fortunes guided by statesman and orator Pericles, Athens produced some of the most influential and enduring cultural artifacts of the Western tradition. The playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides all lived and worked in 5th century BCE Athens, as did the historians Herodotus and Thucydides, the physician Hippocrates, and the philosopher Socrates. Athens' patron goddess was Athena, from whom they derived the name. Karyatides Statues The Karyatides statues of the Erechtheion on its Acropolis. Pericles was known to be a great speaker; this quality brought him great success in the Assembly, presenting his vision of politics. One of his most popular reforms was to allow thetes (Athenians without wealth) to occupy public office. Another success of his administration was the creation of the misthophoria (paid function), a special salary for the citizens that attended the courts as jurors. This way, these citizens were able to dedicate themselves to public service without facing financial hardship. With this system, Pericles succeeded in keeping the courts full of jurors and giving the people experience in public life. As Athens' ruler, he made the city the first and most important polis of the Greek world with a resplendent culture and democratic institutions. Athenian Defeat and Conquest By Macedon Originally intended as an association of Greek citystates to continue the fight against the Persians, the Delian League soon turned into a vehicle for Athens's own imperial ambitions. The resulting tensions brought about thePeloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), in which Athens was defeated by its rival Sparta.By the mid4th century BCE, the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs. In 338 BCE the armies ofPhilip II of Macedon defeated an alliance of some of the Greek citystates including Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea, effectively ending Athenian independence.