Download video summaries: cells

 VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS Mitochondria(
Cell(
1.  Cells:(
membrane(
Cell(wall(
Nucleus(
(
Chloroplast(
Cytoplasm(
Animal(Cell(
Plant(Cell(
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2.  ATP(is(the(“energy(currency”(of(cells(
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3.  Enzymes(are(proteins(that(speed(up(reacAons( • 
Factors(that(affect(protein(funcAon:(
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ENERGY&AND&ENZYMES&
What(you(need(to(know:(
Temperature(
pH(
CoKfactor/coKenzyme(
Enzyme(concentraAon(
Substrate(concentraAon(
CELLULAR'RESPIRATION'(1/2)'
What%you%need%to%know:%
(Aerobic)%respira8on%is%the%process%where%organisms%obtain%energy%
from%(organic)%molecules%
The%purpose%of%respira8on%is%to%release%energy%from%food%%
Sugar%(glucose)%
Water%
6O2 + C6 H12O6 ⇒ 6CO2 + 6H 2O + Energy
Oxygen%
Creates%28%–%38%ATP%
Carbon%Dioxide%
Factors%that%affect%cellular%respira8on:%
•  Amount%of%nutrients%
Slow
•  Temperature%
•  State%of%cell%–%growth%and%repair%
•  Nature%(high%energy%requirements)%
Medium
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Fast
Ruined
•  VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS CELLULAR'RESPIRATION'(2/2)'
What%you%need%to%know:%
PHOTOSYNTHESIS*
What%you%need%to%know:%
Photosynthesis%is%the%process%by%which%green%plants%synthesise%(make)%
food,%using%sunlight.%
Purpose:%plants%is%to%make%food%for%energy%%
%%animals%to%make%O2%to%breath%%
Outer%membrane%
Occurs%in%leaves%%
Inner%membrane%
–%they%are%flat%for%maximum%%
Lamella%
%%%light%exposure%
Stroma%
Thylakoid%
Granum%
Lumen%
Factors%that%affect%photosynthesis:%
Light%Intensity%
•  Temperature%
•  Increase%in%reactants%
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VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS Defini2on
The%spread%of%par2cles%in%random%mo2on%
Diffusion
from%high%concentra2ons%to%low%
concentra2ons%%(un2l%concentra2ons%are%
equal)
Osmosis
The%movement%of%water from%an%area%of%
high%concentra2on%to%low%concentra2on%
through%a%semi 0permeable membrane%
un2l%concentra2ons%are%equal
Ac2ve%Transport
The%movement%of%ions/molecules across%a%
cell%membrane%to%a%region%of%high%
concentra2on.%Uses%ATP%(energy)%and%
needs%enzyme%help
More%blood%
vessels%in%
Mitochondria%
areas%of%high%
need%
Maximum%
surface%
Waste%
area%
products%and%
Diffusion%
Carbon%Dioxide
%
Nutrients%(food)%
and%Oxygen%
MOVEMENT'
What%you%need%to%know:%
Purpose
Animal%e.g.
Plant e.g.
balance%gas%
concentra2ons
CO 2 in%blood%
diffuses%to%the%
lungs
CO 2 diffuses%from%
the%atmosphere%
to%the%cells%in%the%
leaf
balance%
concentra2ons
Water in%body%
being%absorbed%
in%the%gut
Water%being%
absorbed%into%
roots%in%a%tree
allow%a%cell%to%
maintain%and%
regulate%its%
internal%func2on
Sodium
potassium%
pump
GeLng%minerals%
in%to%roots
STRUCTURE'OF'CELLS'
What%you%need%to%know:%
Cells%with%most%
chloroplasts%
Waxy%
Layer%
Epidermis%
(transparent)%
Flat%Thylakoid%
Stack%%
Cells%more%
spread%out%
Waxy%Layer%
Guard%Cells%
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VIDEO SUMMARIES: CELLS CELLULAR'REPODUCTION'
What%you%need%to%know:%
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Semi2conserva7ve%
Enzymes%work%3’%!%5’%
Helicase%unzips%DNA%
DNA%polymerase%makes%
new%strand%
Leading%strand:%
DNA%polymerase%follow%
helicase%3’%!%5’%
Lagging%strand:%
DNA%polymerase%doesn’t%
follow%helicase%3’%!%5’%
Okazaki%fragments%
CELLULAR'REPODUCTION'
What%you%need%to%know:%
The%purpose%of%cellular%reproduc6on%is%to%create%two%complete%sets%of%%DNA%
Mitosis'
Meiosis'
Purpose:%Growth%and%Repair
Purpose:%Sexual%reproduc6on%and%varia6on
One%cell%splits%to%two%iden6cal%
daughter%cells
One%cell%goes%to%4%different%cells%each%with%
half%the%no%of%chromosomes%
Factors'that'affect'DNA'replica;on:'
pH%
Conc.%of%enzymes%
Temperature%
%
Loca;ons:'
Body:%%%%%%%%%Hair%
%%%%%%%%%%%%Bone%Marrow%
%
Injuries%
Co@factors/Co@enzymes%
Plants:%Shoots%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Roots%
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