Download Work Book (Special English) - Madhya Pradesh Textbook Corporation

UNIT-2
GRAMMAR
2.1 PREPOSITIONS
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Prepositions are words which show the relationship between things, people or events. They
express relationship
(a)
in space
(b)
in time
(c)
and other kinds of relationships such as relationships of purpose,
possession and result.
Prepositions which express relationships in space are :
above, across, against, along, among, around, at, behind, below, beside, beneath, between,
beyond, by, down, from, in, infront, inside, into, near, next to, off, on to, opposite, out of, outside, over,
past, round, through, towards, under, underneath, up.
Prepositions which express relationships in time are :
after, at, before, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, past, since, through, (out), to, towards,
until (or till) within.
Prepositions expressing other kinds of relationships are :
Purpose – He came to me for company.
Possession – He climbed the roof of the house.
Result – death from over-eating
There are two important things to learn about English prepositions :
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Which constructions do and which do not take prepositions.
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Which preposition is used in the constructions where one is required.
Look at the following sentences :
The boy entered the room (not entered in/into)
One day he came home early (not on one day)
In the constructions where prepositions are necessary, their choice is determined either
by the preceding verb or the following noun. In the following sentences verb determines the
choice of the preposition :
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1.
She looked at the blackboard.
2.
She listened to the radio.
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R In the following sentences prepositions are determined by the following nouns/noun phrases :
A
1.
He saw her sitting in the room.
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2.
He saw her running into the room.
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Now let us learn the use of very common prepositions with the help of flgures and diagrams :
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Prepositions showing relationship in space
i)
from, by, to, towards, from, at, in, through The z (dot) is a post office
Examples :
ii)
1.
The boy is going to the post office.
2.
He is coming from the post office.
3.
She passes by the post office on her way to school.
4.
She is going towards the post office.
5.
He is going away from the post office.
6.
Meet me at the post office.
7.
He is working in the post office.
8.
He walked through the post office.
round/around -
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Examples :
1.
iii)
The car is moving round (around) the circle.
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2.
The car turned round (around) the corner the wrong way.
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up,down M
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Examples :
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1. The boy is running up the street. R
2. The girl is running down the
street.
3. The boy is climbing up the hill.
4. The girl is climbing down the hill.
iv)
in, into, out of, on, infront of, behind, between
Examples :
1. The cat jumped into the box.
2. The mouse is in the box.
3. The cat jumped out of the box.
4. The book is on the table.
5. B is in front of the table.
6. A is behind the table.
7. B is standing between A and C.
iv)
over, above, under, below,
Examples :
House A is over house B.
House B is under house A.
House C is above house D.
House D is below house C.
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Examples :
vi)
1.
The temperature is below Oo C.
2.
The temperature is above Oo C.
3.
He threw the ball over the net.
4.
The cat is sitting under the table.
on, onto, off, next to, between, near -
Examples :
1. The cat is sitting on the table.
2. The cat jumped on to the table.
3. The cat will jump off the table.
Examples :
1. The bookshop is next to the café.
2. The café is between the bookshop and the cinema.
3. The bookshop is near the cinema.
vii)
against, along, across -
Examples :
1. She is swimming against the
current.
2. He is walking along the river
bed.
3. He swam across the river.
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viii)
among, between -
Examples :
1. The triangle is among the
circles.
2. B is between A and C.
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Prepositions expressing relationships in time
(i)
before, after -
Examples :
1. His grandfather died before the war.
2. His son was born after the war.
(ii)
since, for, at, on, in -
Examples :
1. I have not seen him since Monday (point of
time)
2. He has been waiting here for four days.
(period of time)
Note :
(iii)
1. “at” is used for exact point of time, as at six o’clock.
2. “on” is used for a day or date, as on Monday/on 10th May.
3. “in” is used for a period of time, as in 1997/ in July.
from, to, during, within, till -
Examples :
1.
2.
3.
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You will stay here from 4th to 10th June.
The minister will see you any day between
4th and 10th June.
You will be paid daily allowance during stay
here.
“Within” is also used for period of time.
‘Till/until’is often used with a negative verb
to emphasize lateness.
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Examples : 1. You have to finish the work within a week.
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(ii)
2. He did not get home till/until 2 a.m.
Instrumental and means of transport relationships
“with” is used with an instrument.
Examples :
1.
He cut the apple with a knife.
2.
She is writing with a pen.
‘by’ is used in means of transport relationship –
Examples :
1.
Children go to school by bus.
2.
We don’t like to travel by bus. We usally
travel by train.
3.
We‘ll get on the bus at this stop and will get
off at the next one.
EXERCISES
a)
Kumar’s house is full of mice. Write exactly where each mouse is :
Use the expressions below :
in front of, in the middle of,
next to, beside, at the back of,
on the edge of, in the corner of
on top of, below,
behind, tothe left of,
to the right of, in between etc.
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b)
Write a complete sentence below each picture using an appropriate prepositions –
Example
1. What do you need a jug for ?
2. We need a jug to pour water from.
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.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
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c)
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Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions
1.
I go ………….the hospital on my way to school.
2.
The temple is ………..the top of the hill, we’ll start climbing…………….six o’
clock…………the morning and reach there………..the afternoon.
d)
3.
The batsman hit the ball……..the fence and scored six runs.
4.
He was not allowed to enter the theatre as he was……….eighteen years……age.
5.
Go straight ………..the square and then turn……the corner.
6.
You can reach the station……..taxi…….ten minutes.
7.
The girl……..blue eyes has just gone…….the door.
8.
You can cut the apple……..two…….this knife.
Prepositions have not been used correctly in the sentences below, correct them and
rewrite the sentences.
1.
She entered into the room and began talking.
............……………………………………………………………………….
2.
You can cut this mango by this knife.
............……………………………………………………………………….
3.
The river is flowing below the bridge.
............……………………………………………………………………….
4.
He died from cancer.
............……………………………………………………………………….
5.
I have been waiting for you since four hours.
............……………………………………………………………………….
6.
She is suffering with malaria.
............……………………………………………………………………….
7.
I prefer tea for coffee.
............……………………………………………………………………….
8.
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Water freezes when temperature falls under OoCelsius.
............……………………………………………………………………….
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9.
He went to the sea side from a car.
............……………………………………………………………………….
10.
She spoke with me rudely.
............……………………………………………………………………….
Verbs with Prepositions
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The pattern ‘verb + preposition + object’ is very common in English. There are some common
verbs in English which are followed by particular prepositions. It is easy to learn these verbs with
prepositions rather in isolation. A list of such verbs is given below :
take revenge on,
believe in
be based on, comment on,
be engaged in
congratulate someone on some thing
be included in
count on
be interested in
experiment on, depend on,
invest in
live on (food)
get involved in
operate on someone
abstain from
play something on(as instrument)
borrow from
rely on
emerge/escape from
work on (project)
prevent someone from
arrive/hint/marvel/ wonder at
prohibit from
stone at
recover from (illness)
prejudiced against
refrain from, suffer from
insure against
act for (someone)
protest against
apologize for
rebel against
ask for something
warm against
blame someone for
speak about
charge for
talk about
exchange A for B
think about
hope for/long for
worry about
pay for something
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be/get upset about
provide for
tell someone about something
vote for
accuse someone of
prepare for
approve of
search for
beware of
thank someone for
consist of
agree with someone
be convicted of (crime)
help someone with
cure someone of (an illness)
be charged with (crime)
disapprove of
communicate with
get rid of
begin with something
smell of
comply with
get tired of
confuse A with B
think of
accustom oneself to
cope with,
get accustom to
interfere with
amount to
mix with
appeal to
part with
apply to
quarrel with
be attached to
attend to
fight with (or against)
belong to
reason with someone
compare to
be satisfied with
be condemned to
respond to
be confined to
succumb to
consent to
get used to
be entitled to invite someone to
talk to
listen to
turn to
look forward to
yield to
object to
react to
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EXERCISES
a)
b)
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Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions :
1.
You must concentrate……….your studies.
2.
The teacher said, “Boys, listen………me”
3.
I was marveled………..his sense of humour.
4.
The hakim cured him……….his disease.
5.
The workers are protesting…….the cut in their wages.
6.
I am waiting……… your reply.
7.
She invited me…………… dinner.
8.
Don’t compare me……….. my brother.
9.
Refrain him…….taking any rash action.
10.
We take pride…….our heritage.
Fill in the blanks in this story :
Shravan is an orphan who came….................…..Delhi……...........................his
village………….Bihar…….search……..work. His father kept a shop, but was
tricked………..it……a deceitful uncle. Despair drove him……..alcohol and gambling, and he
died…….a stroke soon after.
Shravan worked ………….a tea shop…….his village…….a while. He moved……… the more
lucrative environs……Delhi, where his elder brother Gopal had preceded him. Following a brief
spell………unemployment and a short spell as an assistant……….a car park, he joined a tea
shop.
C)
Put an appropriate preposition after the verb in each sentence. Then use your own
ideas to complete each sentence. One is done for you.
1.
I broke her glasses and she made me pay for a new pair.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I am excited because I am going to play .....................................................................
He was not paying attention and crashed ...................................................................
I have to stay home tonight and prepare ....................................................................
All the furniture in the room belongs ..........................................................................
Whether or not we go out depends ..........................................................................
There was so much noise that I could not concentrate ..............................................
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8.
9.
10.
In my opinion, an ideal breakfast consists ......................................................................
It was an aweful hotel and we complained .......................................................................
We only had one sandwich, so it was divided ...............................................................
Phrasal Verbs
In modern English it is very usual to place prepositions or adverbs after certain verbs
so as to obtain a variety of meanings. We call them phrasal verbs.
They are used very frequently. Here are two lists, one consists of some common verbs and the
other consists of prepositions. Let’s try to form phrasal verbs from them.
List A
List B
.go
out
make
up
take
in
break
off
give
away
combining them we can make a lot of new words such as :
make up
break off
give up
make out
break out
go away
take off
break in
go off
take out
break up
go out
take up
give away
go up
take in
give in
give out
Many verbs get strongly associated with certain prepositions in one of the two ways:
1.
Verbs and preposition keeping their basic meanings.
Examples :
1.
Put this pencil on the table.
2.
Don’t write with it.
3.
They told us about their friends.
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2.
As a compound having an idiomatic meaning (we can not guess the meaning from the two
parts)
Examples :
1.
I looked for him everywhere, but I couldn’t find him. (searched).
2.
He took after his father. (resembled).
The meanings of some of the phrasal verbs are given below ask for - (a) ask to speak to
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(b) request, demand
be up = be out of bed
blow out = extinguish (a flame) by blowing
blow up = destroy by explosion
break down = collapse, cease to function properly, owing to some fault or weakness
break in / break into = enter by force
break out = begin (used of evils such as wars, epidemics, fires etc.)
call for = require, demand
call off = cancel something not yet started, or abandon something already in progress
carry on = continue (usually work or duty)
carry out = perform (duties) obey (orders, instructions,. fulfill (threats)
come across = find by chance
fix up = arrange
get away = escape
get through = finish successfully
get up = rise from bed
give away = give to someone
give in = yield, cease to resist
give up =
a)
abandon an attempt
b) discontinue a habit
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go on = continue any action
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grow up = become adult
hand over = surrender authority or responsibility to another person
look after = take care of
look for = search for, seek
look forward to = expect with pleasure
make up = compensate for
put down = write
put off = postpone
put on = dress
ring up = telephone
send for = call
set off/out = start a journey
stand for = represent
take down = write, usually from dictation
take off =
a)
remove clothes (opposite of put-on)
b)
leave the ground (of aeroplanes)
wipe out = destroy completely
EXERCISE
Replace the underlined words with phrasal verbs :
1.
The child wrote something and then erased it.
..............................................................................................................................
2.
He telephoned the theatre to book seats for tonight.
..............................................................................................................................
3.
I could not understand what you had written.
..............................................................................................................................
4.
Please remove your shoes before you enter the room.
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..............................................................................................................................
5.
6.
7.
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The old man abandoned smoking.
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He continued speaking for an hour.
The children continued playing inspite of asking them not to.
..............................................................................................................................
8.
He extinguished the light and went to bed.
..............................................................................................................................
9.
The air-conditioner is not working. Will you please summon the mechanic
..............................................................................................................................
10.
He withdrew his resignation after much persuasion.
..............................................................................................................................
11.
We started our journey in the morning.
..............................................................................................................................
12.
The meeting was postponed because of the lack of corum.
..............................................................................................................................
13.
He wore his shirt and went out.
..............................................................................................................................
14.
The boys fled from school to play.
..............................................................................................................................
15.
My boss rejected my application for leave.
..............................................................................................................................
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2.2 DETERMINERS
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Determiner occur before nouns and they indicate the kind of reference which the nouns have R
A Classes of Determiners M There are several classes of determiners M
1
Definite and Indefinite articles: the, a, an
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Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
3
Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their etc.
4
Quantifiers: a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any enough, etc.
5
Numbers: one, ten, thirty etc.
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Distributives: all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
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Difference words: other, another etc.
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Question words: which, what, whose, etc.
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Defining words: which, whose etc.
Articles
From the grammatical point of view Articles are adjectives. All languages do not have articles.
For example there are no articles in Hindi. The form of articles does not change with the change of the
number and person of the noun. In English Articles are of two types:
(1)
(1)
Indefinite - a, an
(2)
Definite - the
The Indefinite Articles : Indefinite article is used before a singular countable noun. It is not
used with uncountable nouns. The use of a or an depends on the spoken form of the word that follows
and not the written form.
*
When the word begins with a vowel sound (not the vowel letter) an is used.
Examples: an apple, an arm, an afternoon, an orange, an elephant
*
When the word begins with a consonant sound a is used for example a book, a room, a chair etc.
*
The use of articles with acronyms is rather tricky. We say
an M.P.
an M.A.
But
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a member of Parliament, a Master of Arts
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*
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound
of the adjective that immediately follows the article, for example a broken leg, an unusual problem G
etc.
The Uses of Indefinite article:
1
to refer to something for the first time, something about which we do not know anything:
An elephant is a large animal.
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Would you like to purchase a book?
Karan is a good boy.
2
to tell about the characteristics of the whole class, persons or things:
A dog is a faithful animal.
But remember in such generic uses, definite article can also be used:
The dog is a faithful animal.
These sentences have no difference in meaning, because they do not refer to any particular dog
but to the entire class.
3
to show that there is no previous knowledge about the person or thing. When we say :
I saw a boy running on the road.
We have no knowledge about the boy - Who is he? Where he comes from? Where does he live?
4.
to refer to a particular member of a group or class, nationality or religion
I am a teacher.
Karan is an Indian.
Sheikh is a Muslim.
5.
with the names of musical instruments
Raina was playing on a guitar when Karan arrived.
Prachi loves to play on a harmonium.
6.
We use indefinite article to refer to a kind of, or example of something:
The elephant has a large trunk.
You have a strange habit of caughing.
7.
We use it with singular nouns, after the words what and such.
What a pleasure!, What a beautiful flower!
It is such a pity you cannot be with us!
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8.
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9.
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It is used in the meaning of one, referring to a single object or person.
Raina purchased a diamond necklace. (NOT two)
Karan purchased a book. (NOT two or more)
we usually say a hundred, a thousand, a million etc.
Generally, plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns are not used with the indefinite articles.
We do not say:
I want a tea. (BUT I want tea)
He is eating an ice. (BUT He is eating ice)
But when we refer to specific quantity or item of its kind we use the construction: a/an - of +
uncountable noun. example - a cup of tea, a piece of paper etc.
10.
It is used before terms, such as few or many, which denote number, amount, quantity or degree.
Only a few of the voters cast their votes.
She was a little excited.
many a cook spoils the broth.
11.
It is used before a proper name to denote a type or a member of a class:
The wisdom of a Gandhi is not easy to find.
She is going to be a Helen when she grows up.
12.
It is used before a mass noun to indicate a single type or example.
The birthday of Gandhi is a dry day.
Gandhi Jayanti is always a holiday in India.
EXERCISES
a)
Tell before which of the following nouns can an indefinite article be used:
sand
family
kindness
flock
joy
grammar
logic
goodness
admission
sorrow
gold
silver
wood
clay
teacher
milk
sugar
cheese
butter
boy
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b)
c)
d)
Insert a or an where necessary.
1
Rama is ........... good cook.
2
He said, “I shall be back in ........... hour.”
3
There is ........... hourly train from Bhopal to Indore.
4
She is ........... paying guest.
5
We have recently bought ........... scooter.
6
He is ........... extraordinary man.
7
My neighbour is ........... farmer.
8
He has recently purchased ........... cow and ........... buffalo.
9
He is ........... magician.
10
Here is ........... pen and ........... piece of paper for you to write ........... letter.
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Complete the following sentences by using the words given in bracket:
1.
She was thirsty. She needed ....................................................... (glass, water)
2.
I want to write a letter. Give me ................................................ (piece, paper)
3.
I am confused. I want ............................................................. (word, advice)
4.
He has difficulty in reading. He needs to buy ........................ (pair, spectacles)
5.
They are all hungry. They all need ....................................... each. (glass, milk)
6.
They are tired. They want ............................................................... (bit, rest)
7.
The country has made ............................................................ (lot, progress)
8.
............................................... (lot, people) are coming to attend the meeting.
9.
I am thankful to you. You have given me. ................................... (lot, advice)
10.
Recently they have grown rich. They have purchased ............ (lot, diamonds)
Make the following sentences singular. Remember to add ‘a or an’ and change the verb
from plural to singular, if required.
1.
2.
3.
Children love to play.
..............................................................................................................
Architects make plans of buildings.
..............................................................................................................
Cows are useful animals.
..............................................................................................................
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4.
Teachers are men or women.
..............................................................................................................
5.
Doctors cure patients.
..............................................................................................................
6.
Teachers teach students.
..............................................................................................................
7.
They are anarchists.
..............................................................................................................
8.
Nationalists are hard to find.
..............................................................................................................
9.
Tables are made of wood.
..............................................................................................................
10.
Ministers have become gods today.
..............................................................................................................
Definite Article ‘The’: It is used :
1
When a noun becomes certain or specific. Here we get answer to the question: “Which one?”
The definite article specifies a person, place or thing already mentioned:
There is a book on the table.
The book is of English grammar. (Which book”- the book on the table)
There is water in the bottle.
The water smells bad. (Which water” - the water in the bottle)
Karan is in his room.
The room is on the first floor. (Which room? - Karan’s room)
2
to refer to something unique, of which there is only one - the sun, the moon, the almighty, the
earth, the universe, the equator, the north pole, the east, the west etc.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
The weather in the north pole is very cold.
But ‘the’ is not used for named stars and planets - Mars, Venus, Mercury.
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3
with adjectives when these are used as nouns - the rich, the poor, the meek, the blind, the brave,
the living, the dead, the Indian, the American, the known, the unknown, the French etc.
4
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The rich exploit the poor.
A
Only the strong survive in the world.
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The Indians were upset over the defeat in the cricket match.
A
with some proper nouns that refer to geographical areas, seas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of R
islands, plural names of countries:
The Indian ocean, the Atlantic, the Himalayas, the Ganga, the United States of America.
X
But, do not use the with the name of single mountains: Mount Everest, the name of lakes:
Chilka lake, Lake Superior, the names of most counties: India, Pakistan.
But, The Punjab, The Republic of India, The state of Madhya Pradesh.
5.
with the names of musical instruments:
The table has always been my favourite instrument.
She plays on the harmonium very well.
6.
when a person is referred to by a title.
The President of India
The Queen of England
The Secretary of State
7.
with the plural of proper nouns to denote members of the same family:
The Saxenas have left India for good.
The Jains are arriving here after almost a decade.
8.
instead of a possessive determiner when talking about a person’s body or member of their family:
He caught me by the neck.
How is the family?
A stone struck him on the arm.
9.
Names of games and sports do not take definite article:
I play cricket.
Chess is a difficult game.
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10.
Do not use the before home, temple, church, school, prison, hospital, market, court etc. when
they are referred to as institutions. The is however, used when a specific reference is made to the
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place. We can say that the is omitted when the reference is to the purpose for which the
building exists.
Examples 1
She was ill so she went to hospital.
I’ll see you in the hospital in the evening.
2
My son goes to school.
Today I will go to the school to complain about his missing water bottle.
11.
The is used in phrases like the following:
The beginning, the middle, the end, the past, the present, the future, in the morning/
afternoon/evening. (but - at noon/night/midnight)
the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow, in the winter/summer/spring/autumn/
rains. (but - in general statements the is often omitted; It is very hot in summer in India.)
12.
The is used before the superlatives, ordinal numbers and unique adjectives.
Mumbai is the most populous city in India.
I enjoyed the first part, but I was disappointed at the end.
Zero Article (Omission of articles)
1
Do not use any article before uncountable nouns in general statements.
Health is wealth.
Milk is good for health.
2
Do not use any article before uncountable abstract nouns:
Beauty is but skin deep.
He is at present studying history.
Liberty is the right of every citizen.
3
Do not use any article with phrases like the following:
hand to mouth, body and soul, mother and child, wife and husband,
36
man and wife, day and night, at last, at times, by train, bus, scooter, car
Work Book (Special English)
etc. (but ‘in a car’) on foot, by hand, by heart, by mistake, by accident,
in addition, in fact, in front of, in reality, in case, in trouble, on purpose,
4.
G
R
on duty, on guard, on demand, on death, all morning, all evening, all
A
night and day
M
M
Neither the nor a/an is used with illnesses;
A
Malaria, indigestion, cancer, mumps, chicken pox, measles, appendicitis, flu (sometimes the is R
used with influenza)
5.
Some phrasal prepositions do not contain an article.
by means of, by dint of, on account of etc.
EXERCISES
a)
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the words provided in brackets. Use the
where necessary.
b)
1
The box is made of ............ (wood)
2
In India ............ (coins) are made of ............ (copper)
3
............ (gold) mined in India is of ............ (poor) quality.
4
............ (dinner) they gave yesterday was excellent.
5
Do you take ............ (tea) daily?
6
He is ............ only (teacher) of English known all over ............ state.
7
Is ............ (beauty) really skin deep?
8
He read all ............ (morning)
9
They are really poor. They cannot make ............ (body) and ............ (soul) meet together.
10
This letter was delivered to me by ............ (hand).
Use the following nouns in two ways; (a) with the (b) without the in your own sentences:
_______________________________________________
air
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
copper
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
water
_______________________________________________
Work Book (Special English)
37
_______________________________________________
paper
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
gold
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
kindness
c)
_______________________________________________
Rewrite the following sentences using the nouns given in brackets with ‘the’ where
necessary:
c)
1
He had severe pain in the stomach and was admitted to ............ (hospital)
2
Today I would go to ............ (hospital) to ask about his health.
3
He was found guilty of theft and sent to ............ (prison)
4
I want to go to ............ (prison) to see him if I am given permission.
5
My granddaughter is old enough to be admitted to ............ (school)
6
I would go to ............ (school) next Monday to collect the admission form.
7
Muslims go to ............ (mosque) for prayer every Friday.
8
I stood outside ............ (mosque) to await his return.
9
People do not usually go to ............ (office) on Sunday.
10
I have not been to ............(cinema) for several months now.
Write a, an or the where required. In some cases the sentence may already be correct,
simply write correct.
1
Have you ever eaten cheese ?
2
I am too tired to go home. I will take bus.
3
I wish I knew how to play harmonium.
4
I used to play cricket while at school.
5
He would not get job, even if he applied for it.
6
Have you read book I gave you yesterday.
7
Earth goes round sun.
38
Work Book (Special English)
e)
8
Is elephant longest living animal in world?
9
Ganga flows into Bay of Bengal.
G
R
10 Your new house is beauty.
A
M
M
Fill in the blanks with a, an or the wherever necessary.
A
Bhola was
rustic and
big fool. He was about eighteen years old, but he
R
lamp.
had never seen
people of his village were very poor and they went to
bed quite early. They never used
lamps in their houses.
Once Bhola went to his father-in-law’s house.
people there gave him
warm welcome. His mother-in-law gave him
happy. After about
delicious food to eat. Bhola was very
month Bhola wanted to return to his village. He went to his father-in-
law and pointing towards
lighted lamp he said, “ I want this baby moon. I will give him
sweets to eat and
milk to drink every day. I promise to look after him well.”
Everybody laughed at him. At last his father in law gave
At
night Bhla heard
lamp to him.
noise. He thought there were
house. He said to himself, “ They have come to take away
me”, “So he went out and put
lamp under
thieves in
bady moon from
straw roof of
veranda.
house was soon on fire. Everybody woke up and shouted, “Get out.
fire. Take
house is on
boxes out of it”.And Bhola also started shouting, “Where is
moon? I put him under
baby
straw roof. He is burning. Please save him”.
neighbours ran to
went away next morning without
place and they soon put out
fire. Poor Bhola
baby moon!
THE OTHER DETEMINERS
1
The articles the and a/an are the most common determiners, but there are many others. These
determiners add further meaning to a noun. For example:
my/his/he/your/our
shows possession
this book
show nearness to the speaker (also plural-these)
that book
shows distance from the speaker (also plural-those)
some books
shows quantity (also any)
enough books
shows sufficiency
39
Work Book (Special English)
G
R
A
M
2
M
A
R
3
each book
shows item by item.
either book
shows one of two (also every)
no book
shows absence
what book
shows that the item is not known
Many determiners express quantity:
all books, both partners, many soldiers, several people, enough food, no eseape,
few reasons some boys etc.
Perhaps the most common way to express quantity is to use a numeral. Numerals are determiners
when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity as in - one
pen, two pens, twenty pens etc.
4
In the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence:
first prize, second position, last position etc.
The Ordering of Determiners
Depending on their relative position before a noun, we can distinguish three classes of determiners.
Example - He met all his many friends at the dinner party yesterday.
Here
all is a pre determiner
his is central determiner, while
many is a post determiner
But such sentences are not very many where all three types of determiners may be used. A
sentence like this is somewhat unusual, because it is rare for all the three determiner positions to
be filled in the same sentence, Generally, only one or two slots are filled.
1
Pre - determiners
1
Multiplying expressions, including expressions ending in times.
twice my salary. double my salary, ten times my salary etc.
2
Fractional expressions: half my salary, one third my salary.
3
The words all, half and both and intensifiers like quite rather and such
such a good book, all my books, both my book.
40
Work Book (Special English)
X
Pre determiners are normally not used together.
all half my salary (incorrect)
2
G
R
Central Determiners
A
M
1
Articles (a, an, the) are central determiner (They have been explained separately)
M
2
Demonstrativies - This/that is used with singular count and mass noun and these/those are A
R
used with plural count nouns only as -
this boy, that boy, this music, these/those boy
3
Possessiver or Genitives can be used with all nouns-singular, plural count and mass nouns.
Example - Have you seen my toy/toys/money ?
4
Wh-determineres can be used with all the three classes of nouns, as Whose book/book/s money did you borrow ?
Which pen/pens/music do you want ?
5
3
Quanti fiers - some, any, no, much, each, every etc.
Post Determiners
1
Cardinal and ordinal numerals occupy the post determiner place:
the two children, his fourth birthday, my seventh novel etc.
2
This applies also to general ordinals:
my next book, our last meeting
3
Other quantifying expressions are also post determiners;
my many friends, our several achievements, the few friends that I have.
X
Unlike pre determiners, post determiners can be used together.
my next two projects, several other people
SOME IMPORTANT DETERMINERS
1.
Some and Any
Some and any are used to state the quantity, or amount of something. With Some or any the
exact number, quantity or amount is not stated. With these the quantity remains indefinite. Some
and Any are quantifiers. Some and any can be used when.
41
Work Book (Special English)
1.
The exact number is not known.
2.
The exact number is not important or relevant.
G
R Any is used :
A
•
with Negative sentences.
M
M
I do not have any money in my pocket at present.
A
There is not any reason to complain.
R
•
when asking a question.
Do you have any icecream left?
Do you have any friends in Mumbai ?
•
when a sentence is grammatically positive, but the meaning is negative.
My brother never does any thing praiseworthy.
Some is used with
1.
Positive sentences.
She has some valuable ornaments in her house.
There is some butter on the dining table.
2.
When asking a question, if the answer is expected to be positive.
Can I have some tea ?
Yes, you can.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with some or any :
1.
I have read it in ……… book or other.
2.
Karan has hidden the money in …………. place.
3.
We do not know if there are …………… survivors of the plane crash.
4.
Does Raina has ………… talent for painting?
5.
I am very hungry. Will you give me ………….. food?
6.
I know you enjoy coffee. Would you like ……….. more?
7.
These boys earn …………… money by selling fruits.
8.
They receive …………… new books every month.
9.
Karan left home without ……………… luggage.
10.
………….. boy came to see you, when you had gone to school.
42
Work Book (Special English)
(2)
Few, a few, and the few
™
When used with plural nouns and a plural verb few suggests ‘not many’ – a small number G
R
A
Few people understand this problem.
M
M
We had few people to cheer up the lecturer.
A
When used with plural nouns and a plural verb, a few means ‘small number’ – when none R
when more might have been expected.
™
might have been expected.
A few of the books have been sold. (NOT many)
I have got a few friends but they are all sincere (NOT many)
™
When few is used with the it means an exclusive or limited number :
The few who came to see the paintings had been delighted.
The few who survived the crash were brought home.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with few, a few or the few whichever is proper:
(3)
1.
Mr. Saxena is a man of ………… words.
2.
Very …………. students learn Persian these days.
3.
…………. shirts he has are all torn.
4.
They have been to our place quite……… times.
5.
We have had ………. replies to our queries.
Little, a little and the little
™
When used with countable nouns little means ‘not much’ It has a negative force.
There was little choice. (It has slightly more positive implication than “I have no choice.”)
I understood little of what he said. (It has slightly more positive implication
than “I did not understand anything of what he said.)
™
When a little is used with uncountable nouns it means ‘a small amount’ It has a positive
force and it denotes the presence of something, though in small quantity.
“Give me a little milk,” he implored.
43
His remarks made me a little better.
Work Book (Special English)
™
When the little is used with countable nouns it means ‘whatever small amount’:
G
EXERCISE
R
A Fill in the blanks with little, a little or the little as necessary :
M
1.
Poor people can receive …………. medical assistance.
M
2.
I have ……….. choice in this matter.
A
R
(4)
3.
Is there any doubt in your mind? I have ………. doubt.
4.
He has …………. mind full of useless things.
5.
You can do the job if you have ………. patience.
Much and Many
™
Much is used with uncountable nouns as much time, much money, much energy.
™
Much is used in affirmative sentences. But it has limited uses.
They talk too much.
We may also use a lot or a lot or plenty of in such constructions.
There is a lot of time left for the train.
There is plenty of time still left.
™
Much is also used in negative sentences and in question
I do not have much time left to prepare for the examination.
Is there much sugar in the container?
™
Many is used with countable plural nouns as many books, many friends etc.
Many is seldom used in affirmative sentences. A lot of or lots of are used in this sense:
Many people drive very rashly. (Not ‘much’)
A lot of people drive very rashly.
™
Many is plural in meaning. But when we use many a it requires a singular noun and a
singular verb:
Many a child goes without food in poor homes.
EXERCISE
In the following sentences use much, many or a lot of as required.
44
1.
Karan has ………. problems to solve.
Work Book (Special English)
(5)
2.
He always takes ……… sugar in his tea.
3.
There are ……….. temples in this town.
4.
We haven’t had ……… rain in Bhopal this year.
5.
We do not have ………. money to spend.
6.
Are there ………… books on Grammar in this library?
7.
He is very popular. He has ……….. friends.
8.
I am very busy today. I have ……… work to do.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
All, Both, Every, Each
™
All is used for the entire or total number, amount, or quantity:
All the windows are open.
Read all the books.
When we use plural pronouns in a sentence, then all is used after the pronoun.
You all can do it.
They all drive too fast.
™
All is used with words that are singular but have a collective meaning.
They spend all winter in Kerala.
It was raining all week this month.
All can also be used with uncountable nouns:
All bread is made of flour.
All milk was drunk.
™
Both has the meaning of all. The only difference is that both is used for two only.
Both my parents are sick.
His both hands were injured in the accident.
™
Every means the same thing as all, the only difference being that every is used when we
consider the units separately, and not as a whole:
Every boy was present.
She goes to visit her aunt every week.
™
Every has distributive force. In the above sentences the boys and weeks are thought of
separately.
45
Work Book (Special English)
™
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Each is used to point to the individual in a group of two or more and to consider them one
by one.
Each boy passed. (the number of students is limited)
Each of us closed the books.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with one of the words given in brackets (In some cases two answers may be
possible).
(6)
1.
These books are ……….. Karan’s. (all, both)
2.
Not ……….. the people who were invited were present. (all, both)
3.
He can write with ………. his hands. (all, both)
4.
He has two sons, ………. are in America. (all. Both)
5.
These mangoes are rupees five ………… (each, every)
6.
The Olympic Games are held……….. four year. (each, every)
7.
Karan plays cricket ……………. Sunday. (each, every)
8.
He enjoyed ………… minute of his stay in Houston. (each, every)
9.
………… book on grammar has been purchased in the library. (each, every)
10.
………….. boy was presented with a dictionary. (each, every)
No, Not
™
When used as a determiner No can be used before all types of nouns, countable as well as
uncountable. A sentence may be made negative not only by using Not with a verb but by
placing No before a noun. No can also replace not any. Remember Not is used before a
verb. No always goes before a noun.
Karan does not have any money.
He has no money in his pocket.
™
Not is also used before some determiner as an adverb:
Not many people were present (=only a few)
46
Not a few students left the class. (=many)
Work Book (Special English)
EXERCISE
Complete the following sentences by using no or not :
(7)
1.
…………. shops were open today.
2.
I have got ……….. money in my purse.
3.
…………. student is expected to leave the room.
4.
It is ………….. easy to beg the first prize.
5.
You must ……… go.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Either, Neither
™
Either is used to indicate any one of two:
Wear either coat
™
Either also means one and the other; each.
He wore rings on either hand.
™
Neither has a negative meaning means not one or the other; not either :
Neither shoe feels comfortable.
Neither statement is believable.
Note : ‘Either……..or’ and ‘neither…….nor’ are not Determiners but Conjunctions
EXERCISE
Complete the following sentences with either or neither.
1.
…………. of my sons is a doctor.
2.
Can ……….. of you speak English?
3.
I was invited to two marriage receptions but I did not attend………
4.
There were a few messages received this morning but ………. of them was for me.
5.
We could not open the room because ………… of us had a key.
47
Work Book (Special English)
REVIEW EXERCISE
G
It is the month of July. Schools have opened and students are busy in purchasing books.
R
A stationery and other items used in studies. Karan asks his father for the purchase of books.
M This is the conversation that ensues. But the determiners are missing. Fill in the blanks from
M
A the following determiners. Sometimes the same determiner can be sued more than once :
R
a, an, the, one, several, these, some
Karan : Dad, please take me to .....….. market so that I could purchase books and stationery
needed to me.
Dad : Please make……. list of …… items you want to buy.
Karan : I have already made …… list.
Dad : Read ……. list out.
Karan : ……… dozen exercise books; …… packet of pencils;…… book of grammar, English
text……. series,…… loose paper,……. eraser.
Dad : There are ……. bookshops in …… town. Where can we get all ….. things under……roof?
Karan : ……. bookshop opposite ….. Government School of Excellence sells all. items.
Dad : Well, let us go there.
48
Work Book (Special English)
2.3 MODAL AUXILIARIES
Auxiliaries
Primary
Auxiliaries
Modal
Auxiliaries
Forms of be’-is, am, are, was
were, will, shall
Forms of ‘have’-has, have, had
Forms of ‘do’ – do (does), did
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
can, could, may, might,
would, should, must,
ought to, needn’t
used to, had, daren’t
nicknamed as
24 friends of ‘not’
X
Primary Auxiliaries assist the main verbs in the formation of tenses.
X
Modal auxiliaries express a mode or manner of the main verb, not the real tense.
Modals and their modalities
1.
Can : It expresses the modalities of :
present ability, capacity or power.
Can you fly an aeroplane?
Yes, I can fly an aeroplane.
No. I cannot fly an aeroplane.
giving or withholding permission.
You can go out as and when you wish.
You cannot go until you finish your work.
sense of disbelief, impossibility
Can he be so ignorant? (I believe he is not.)
It cannot be true. (It is impossible)
It can’t be so degraded. (disbelief)
49
Work Book (Special English)
2.
Could = it expresses
the past ability, capacity, power (with a suggestion of change in condition)
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
I could swim across the Thames when I was young.
Could you solve these problems ten years ago? No. I could not. Now I can.
To emphasize the achievement, ‘could’ may be replaced by ‘was/were
able to’ or’ knew how to’.
I was able to fly an aeroplane before the accident.
permission in the past (with a suggestion of changed condition)
My father could travel free of charge when he was an employee in MPRTC.
When I was in school, I could borrow any number of books from the library.
polite requests
Could you spare a glass of water for me?
Could I use your spectacles to read it?
Note : A polite request is made by will, would or could, but the use of could is more
common in informal speech these days.
3.
May : It is used for seeking permission (in interrogative forms)
May I have the pleasure of your company at tea today?
May I use your pen, please?
Note : Permission is sought by ‘may’ and given by ‘can’ Past permission cannot
be expressed by a modal.
future possibility or conjecture.
The clouds are dark. It may rain tonight.
The train may be late. The fog is dense.
Don’t go out. You may catch cold. (Conjecture)
wish, good will and blessings.
May you all be in good health!
May your newborn child live long!
purpose
They are working overtime so that the work may be completed before time.
(If the verb in the Principal clause is in the past, ‘may’ will be replaced by ‘might’)
50
Work Book (Special English)
4.
Might – It expresses the modalities of :
G
R
The guests might be coming now. It is 5.30.
A
The examinations might begin in March.
M
M
non-fulfillment of a possibility in the past (using might+have+past participate) A
R
It might have rained last night (but it didn’t)
a doubtful possibility (may be or may not be)
A little more care might have saved him.
5.
Will / shall : As a rule ‘will’ and ‘shall’ are the auxiliaries of future tense, and used to express
pure futurity. But they can act as modals, though they are not modals in a strict sense of
the term.
a)
‘Will’ with first person subject, i.e., I and we, is used to express:
Willingness, intention, promise, future plan or determination of
the subject.
I will be your friend all my life.
I will have no more tea now.
I will bring a good present on your birthday.
I will build a good house in the village.
Will with second person subject (in interrogative sentences) is used to
make a polite request or extend invitation.
Wil you please extend your support to me?
Will you call your father, please? I have an appointment with him.
b)
‘Shall’ with second or third person subject, i.e., you, he, she, it, they and all nouns, is
used to express command, threat, warning, promise (from the speaker’s side):
He shall not enter my office again.
You shall be turned out if you come here again.
The defaulters shall be punished by fine and imprisonment.
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Work Book (Special English)
6.
Would – ‘would’ and ‘should’ are mistaken to be the past forms of ‘will’ or ‘shall’. It is only in
the indirect narration where will/shall are changed into would/should if the reporting verb happens
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
to be in the past. But would as a modal expresses :
a liking or a wish (with or without ‘like’) with all persons, in the sense of ‘want to’
Who would not be a millionaire?
I wish I would be an emperor.
polite requests or extending an invitation
Would you please do it for me?
Would you please have a cup of tea with me?
(In this sense ‘will’ is also used, but the use of ‘would makes the request
more polite)
EXERCISES
a)
Fill in the blanks a modal for the modalities shown in brackets after each sentence.
1.
People from India ____________ travel to Nepal without a passport (permission)
2.
Due to drought, the prices _______________ go up. (possibility)
3.
The principal___________ be coming. It is time he generally comes.(doublfull possibility)
4.
A little boy like him______________ climb up the hill. (capability in negative)
5.
People _____________ go about freely before the blast. (permission in the past)
6.
_____________ you dine with me tonight? (request)
7.
His friends deceived him, otherwise he _____________ win the election.
(unfulfilled possibility in the past)
8.
They _______________ take possession of the house tomorrow. (permission)
9.
________________ you speak French ? She wants a translator. (ability)
10. He is blind. He _______________see (power in negative)
11. Buy the tickets in advance so that you _______ avoid standing in the queue. (purpose)
52
12. How ____________a man be so damaned to kill so many innocent animals. (disbilief)
Work Book (Special English)
b)
c)
Use the correct modal. Choose from can, could, may and might.
1.
Keep all the items ready so that the programme __________ not be delayed.
2.
______________ you define a modal? Yes,1 _________.
3.
The flights_____________ be delayed for a snag in the wheel.
4.
He _____________ run halfway before he collapsed.
5.
My son____________ walk ten miles at a stretch before the accident.
6.
No one ___________ beat him in chess.
7.
____________ you permit me to have some rest ?
8.
The inspection team ______________ cancel the visit, I fear.
9.
Take a raincoat with you. It ____________ rain.
10.
You left the door open. The birds ______________ have flown.
11.
The officer _________ have taken strong objection against your behaviour.
12.
_______________ you live to see a hundred summers!
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Choose the right option to fill in the blank.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Our friend ___________, It is time for him to arrive.
a.
might have come
b.
can come
c.
must be coming
d.
might be coming
Have some extra money with you. You_________ it in the journey.
a.
can need
b.
could need
c.
may not need
d.
might need
He is only a little boy. He ________________ a horse.
a.
can ride
b.
cannot ride
c.
could ride
d.
may not ride
Whenever you were in need, you ________ borrowed some money from me.
a.
can have
b.
should have
c.
could have
d.
might have
Things _________ in our favour; only our planning failed.
a.
would have gone
b.
should have gone
c.
could have gone
d.
might have gone
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Work Book (Special English)
6.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
7.
8.
9.
10.
7.
She is working hard so that she____________ selected.
a.
might be
b.
could be
c.
may be
d.
can be
The wind was cold. I ___________ cold.
a.
should have caught
b.
would have caught
c.
might caught
d.
might have caught
If he called upon me, I _____________ him a warm welcome.
a.
would have given
b.
would give
c.
should give
d.
should have given
She_____________ than take to copying.
a.
should rather fail
b.
could rather fail
c.
would fail
d.
would rather fail.
If you had demanded, I ___________ all I had.
a.
might have given you
b.
should have given you
c.
would not have given you
d.
would have given you
Must, should ought to, needn’t
Must – is used to express necessity, external obligation, compulsion, command,
order, emphatic advice from the speaker’s point of view.
*
As a general rule; ‘must’ expresses some external obligation on the
subject.
A man must work hard to earn his living, there is no free lunch. (necessity)
The courses must be completed before March (external obligation/order)
He must stop the in-take of sugar. He has been diagnosed of diabetes
(compulsion)
The cadets must come in uniform. (command, order)
You must take your father to the doctor at once. (emphatic advice)
*
conjecture, strong possibility or certainly.
People who go to the battlefild must have a lion’s heart (conjecture)
54
The train must have come. (certainty)
Work Book (Special English)
*
advice in general with no external obligation.
Children must properly be taken care of.
In a national emergency, people must be ready to die for the nation.
Note : i Negative of ‘must is ‘must not’ (to express negative command etc.)
Cadets must not talk while on parade.
ii But negative of ‘must’ with absence (removal) of obligation is ‘needn’t’.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
You needn’t clean the floor. The maid will do it.
should – It expresses :
*
speaker’s personal opinion regarding duty, general advice; advisability
or desirability (all times and future)
One should help the poor and the oppressed.
You should respect your teachers and elders.
Union office bearers should work for the welfare of students (desirability)
*
unfulfilled obligation - something which should have been done but was
not done’ is expressed by should have+past participle form of the verb.
Mr. Kelkar should have taken the medicine. (but he didn’t)
You should have gone early. (but you didn’t)
*
after lest, ‘should’ in the following clause expresses speaker’s anxiety
over something which may occur in future.
Let us be photographed lest we should forget.
Hire a taxi lest you should miss the flight.
*
in a conditional sentence (if__+___ present Indefinite), “should” can
replace “if” to express chance happening.
Should it rain, we shall postpone the journey.
(If it happens to rain,....................)
Should you meet Mr. Kulkarni, convey my regards to him.
(If you happen to meet Mr. Kulkarni....................)
*
in certain expressions of surprise
Why should a member of parliament take bribe for asking questions?
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Work Book (Special English)
Ought to – It expresses :
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
*
advisability, desirability in the matter of conscience; moral, social, physical,
obligation; advice regarding a sensible action of duty.
Your son ought to be more sincere if he wishes to rise high.
We ought to live for our motherland.
We out to be well prepared for the examinations.
*
high expectation or strong likelihood
A national hero like him ought to maintain high morals.
Human rights of the citizens ought to be respected.
*
when some sensible action was expected to have been done or to have
taken place but did not , it is expressed by ‘ought to have + past participle
forms of the verb (nonfulfilment of a sensible action)
The teachers ought to have completed the course by now.
You did not salute the national flag. You ought to have and you always ought to.
You ought to have done your duty well.
Note : (i)
Must have, could have, should have, ought to have + past participle form
of the verb express non – fulfilment of an action in the past but in each
case they express separate respective modalities.
(ii)
Negative use of ‘ought to ’ is ‘ought not to’ without change of modality.
You ought not to smoke before your teacher. It is bad.
Needn’t – (always used without ‘to’) It expresses absence of obligation or
compulsion, expressed by ‘must’. Thus it is the opposite of ‘must’.
You needn’t ring the bell. The door was already open.
The child needn’t go in the cold.
EXERCISES
a)
Use suitable modal from amongst ‘must, should, ought to, needn’t as required.
1.
Attendance in the school is obligatory. The students _________ take note of it.
(external obligation)
56
Work Book (Special English)
2.
Your behaviour ____________ be above suspicion. (necessity)
3.
6.
G
(advisability as a matter of conscience) R
A
Demand for dowry is a crime. People ___________ shun it. (obligation of law)
M
If you wish to learn English, you _________ read English newspaper everyday.(advice) M
A
I __________ pay the bill. Somebody has already paid it. (lack of obligation)
R
7.
We _______________ keep the public toilets clean after use. (moral obligation)
8.
People ____________ use their franchise. (general advice)
9.
_____________ you see the thief, please inform the police
4.
5.
Non-violence___________ be practised in letter and spirit.
(chance happening, replacement of ‘if’)
10.
You __________ go on foot. You can take my scooter. (absence of obligation)
11.
She has failed. She________ have worked hard. (unfulfilled obligation)
12.
She ______________ come everyday. She can come on alternate days.
(lack of compulsion)
b)
Use must, should, ought to, needn’t as required.
1.
An enemy __________ be treated as enemy.
2.
A good citizen__________ not accept undue advantages.
3.
He said to his grandfather You_________work anymore”.
4.
Bill Gates ___________ be a happy man, I suppose.
5.
Some books _________ be read only in parts; but some ___________ be read wholly,
diligently and attentively.
6.
If a man writes a little, he__________ have a good memory.
7.
You _________ buy books if you have access to the internet.
8.
A child’s birthday__________ be celebrated solemnly.
9.
Every child born into the world is a gift of god. We _____ be very gentle with it.
10.
If India has to avoid disgrace, they__________ win this match.
11.
Truth __________ be told.
12.
The match __________ have been finished by now.
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Work Book (Special English)
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A
M
M
A
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c)
13.
A government servant________dispose of his work regularly.
14.
The officer ___________ have rejected the bribe.
15.
Run fast lest you _____________ get late.
16.
______________ the rains deceive, the farmers shall die.
17.
People___________ be well educated in the matters of social sense.
18.
India____________ have played to win. It is a pity, they didn’t.
19.
A judge __________ be above suspicion.
20.
It is high time. You _________ prepare well for your exams.
Fill the right alternative in the blank.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
58
An upright man like him __________ of his guilt
a.
ought to be ashamed
b.
ought to ashamed
c.
must have been ashamed
d.
ought not to be ashamed.
You don’t mean it. You _____________
a.
should be joking
b.
ought to joke
c.
ought to be joking
d.
must be joking
You __________ your father to hospital at once. He is ill.
a.
should take
b.
ought to take
c.
must take
d.
needn’t take
You _________ your priorities. Now there is no time left.
a.
must have fixed
b.
should fix
c.
must fix
d.
should be fixing.
I__________ my meals. They have been served by my host.
a.
must have fixed
b.
should fix
c.
needn’t cook
d.
didn’t need to cook
People _________ common sense.
a.
should have
b.
ought to have
c.
must have
d.
could have
It is bad that you are late again. You _________ before time.
a.
could have come
b.
ought to come
c.
sould be coming
d.
should have come
Work Book (Special English)
8.
9.
10.
9.
___________ you go to the railway station, bring a timetable for me.
a.
should
b.
must
c.
could
d.
might
The boys__________ like that. They are in the college, they must know.
a.
should not shout
b.
must not shout
c.
needn’t shout
d.
ought not to shout
Mr. Singh __________ his dress.
a.
ought to take care of
b.
must take care of
c.
should take care of
d.
need take care of
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Have to – (have to, has to, will have to, shall have to)
*
expresses an act done under the compulsion or force of circumstances.
past
present
futures
had to
has/have to
will/shall have to
Examples :
(i)
What a pity! He had to go on foot. (past)
(ii)
Crores of poor men in India have to sleep under the open sky (present)
(iii)
He will have to give up drinking to get well. (future)
Negative use in the past – hadn’t to and in the present - is, am, are not to
but when there is no compulsion or force of circumstances, the use in the
present will be - don’t have to, doesn’t have to.
Examples :
(i)
He is not to be late again.
(ii)
He does not have to do it all alone.
It may be replaced by needn’t also.
He needn’t do it all alone.
*
Negative use in the future is ‘won’t have to’,
He won’t have to work all alone.
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Work Book (Special English)
10.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Used to – it expresses
a discontinued action or habit of the past.It also contrasts the past with the present.
Examples :
(i)
When I was a student, I used to earn my living by giving tuitions.
(ii)
She used to travel by air when she was an officer.
Negative use is “usedn’t to”, but now “didn’t use to” is common.
11.
Daren’t – It is a rarely used modal. It is usually used in negative and without to ‘It’expresses
the modality of *
lack of courage to act
Examples :
1.
I daren’t stand before such a great man.
2.
She daren’t face hardships
*
In the past, it is usually used as ‘dared not’, but in interrogative it is used as
‘didn’t+subject+dare to’, but with semi-negatives like hardly, scarcely, seldom
etc, the use is changed.
Example : He hardly dared speak before a large audience.
*
In its affirmative use in the present tense “dare” is followed by “to” but in
present interrogative ‘to’ is not used.
Examples :
(i)
How dare you speak like that?
(ii)
I hardly dare to challenge him.
EXERCISES
a)
Use a suitable modal as required.
1
Before his illness his father ________ walk six miles everyday (discontinued
habit in the past)
2
She ____________ go on foot as her bicycle had a flat tyre.
(act under compulsion)
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Work Book (Special English)
3
These days I _________ work overtime to meet my expenses.
G
R
How __________ you abuse me like this? (courage)
A
My teacher ___________ shout at the students when they made mistakes. M
M
(habitual action in the past)
A
Most of the poor__________ live on a single meal a day.
R
(force of circumstances in the present)
4
5
6
(under force of circumstances in the present)
7
It ___________ be very cold here. Now the climate has changed. (contrasting
the past with the present.
8
b)
You ___________ challenge him. He is so stout (lack of courage)
Fill in the blanks with ‘used to’, ‘have to’, ‘has to’
1
Many people in India__________ go to bed with empty stomach.
2
She__________ live in a small room before joining service.
3
All his money was spent. He __________ sell his house.
4
Being poor, he ____________ walk on foot to his office.
5
My neighbour___________ drink heavily before his death.
6
They ____________ face such heavy odds.
7
There __________ be a school here. Now here is a market.
8
As a student, Mr. Verma ___________ live in hostel.
9
These days I __________ work under a hard taskmaster.
10
Those days I _________ work under a hard taskmaster.
d)
Fill in the blank the right alternative :
1.
The poor boys ___________ undertake menial tasks to support their families.
2.
a)
have had to
b)
has to
c)
have to
d)
had to
My father __________ hard when he was young.
a)
used to work
b)
did use to work
c)
had worked to
d)
uses to work
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Work Book (Special English)
3.
My father ___________ sell his house for the marriage of my
sister ten years ago.
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R
A
M
M
A
R
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
d)
a)
has to
b)
will have to
c)
had to
d)
has not to
A constable_______ challenge the S.P. as he is very strict.
a)
didn’t dare to
b)
hardly dared to
c)
hardly dared
d)
daren’t
I_________ wear a long coat when I was a child.
a)
use to
b)
did use to
c)
need to
d)
used to
My wife _______ cook in the morning. The maid does it.
a)
doesn’t have to
b)
is not to
c)
have not to
d)
don’t have to
She________ a pilot. Now she is a housewife.
a)
used to be
b)
had to be
c)
had better be
d)
didn’t use to be
The gardener________ the garden by himself. Now he has fallen ill.
a)
have to dig
b)
will have to dig
c)
has to dig
d)
had to dig
I ________ do it all alone whatever you may say.
a)
have not to
b)
have to
c)
am not to
d)
am to
What would you say in these situations :
You can’t do your homework
You want to watch a movie.
You need your friend’s textbook.
You are thirsty.
You are tired.
You want to make a call.
You don’t feel well.
Your almirah is locked.
You can’t go to the market.
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Work Book (Special English)
Use the expressions given below to make sentences. There can be more than one sentence for
onesituation. One example has been done to help you.
Would you mind ……………………..……………..……….....….. ?
May I ………………..……………………..……………..…….… ?
Could I/You ……………………….……………..……………....... ?
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Would you mind of I ……………………………..……………....... ?
Example :
Situation – You can’t do your homework
Would you mind doing my homework.
…………………………….............................…………………………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
……………………………………………….............................………
e)
Write down the names of the places where you can find these instructions and reframe
these instructions using modal auxiliary verbs, as given in the first sentence.
1.
Don’t pluck flowers.
in the garden
a____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
You should not pluck flowers.
2.
Use me
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
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Work Book (Special English)
3.
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A
M
M
A
R
No parking
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
4.
Plant more trees
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
5.
No smoking
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
6.
Pay here
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
7.
Don’t touch
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
8.
Don’t throw garbage
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
9.
Beware of dogs
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
10.
Leave shoes here
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
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Work Book (Special English)
2.4 TENSES
G
R
Time and Tense
A
Time and tense are not one and the same thing. Time is a concept which all of us are familiar with. M
The time of an action is the point at which it begins. This can be (1) Past, (2) Present and (3) future. M
A
Time can be indicated by words like ‘yesterday’, ‘tomorrow’ ‘in 2001’ etc. Tense is quite different : R
Tense stands for a verb form used to express time relation. The verb from is always in (1) the
present, and (2) the past tense. For Example
write
wrote
work
worked
How are Time and Tense Different
There is no future tense of the English verb. As a consequence future time can be expressed with a
present tense:
They are leaving for Mumbai tomorrow morining.
He will come back when he has finished work.
Past tense does not necessarily express a past time:
I could have helped you If I had a car.
I wish you knew my difficulties
Simple Present tense can be used to express past, present and future time.
Mr. Verma works as a librarian
Through the verb “works” is Simple Present tense, it describes Mr. Verma’s activities in the past, the
present and the future.
It is, therefore, necessary not to confuse present time with Present Tense, past time with Past tense and
future time with Future tense.
Tenses in English
The Present Simple Tense – It is used :
•
To talk about general truths, scientific facts (including proverbial sayings.)
The earth moves round the sun.
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Work Book (Special English)
Two and two make four.
G
R •
A
M
M
A
R
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
For general and repeated actions and habits – actions that happen again and again:
They go to Pachmarhi every summer.
He writes letters every Sunday.
Karan gets up at 6 o’clock
Adverbs of frequency are often used to emphasize repetition :- always, usually, never, often,
seldom, sometimes.
Such phrases are also used to emphasize repetition :- On Sunday, once a week, everday.
Do you often visit your grandparents?
He takes bath everyday.
He is never late for his class.
•
to talk about something that is happening now and will continue to happen in future.
This tense form is used to tell about life, such as where you live, what you do or what
you like :
I live in Bhopal
He writes poems.
He studies in a university.
•
to indicate future time. In such cases some time adverbial must be used in the sentence:
Karan leaves in the next half hour.
Our guests arrive tomorrow morning.
EXERCISES
a)
Use the proper form of the verbs given in brackets to form Simple Present tense
sentences :
66
1.
Good students always …………..……. hard. (work)
2.
Good students seldom ………………….. their classes. (miss)
3.
I………………... a novel every weekend. (read)
4.
Doctors………………..…patients (cure)
5.
All living things……………….….oxygen. (need)
Work Book (Special English)
6.
Water……………..…… at 100 degree Celsius. (boil)
7.
She……………………….. when she is hungry. (cry)
11.
G
R
They are vegetarians. They never…………………meat. (eat)
A
Do you always………………….milk before going to bed? (have)
M
The District Education Officer always………….….this school on a Monday. (inspect) M
A
Fish………………..… in water. (swim)
R
12.
The Shatabadi Express seldom…………………..late. (come)
13.
Karan…………………..….his homework every evening. (do)
14.
Empty vessels always………………..… much noise. (make)
15.
Barking dogs seldom………………….… . (bite)
8.
9.
10.
b)
Given below are two boxes with what and when Shishir does something.
visit, take, do, study, write,
everyday
watch, read, go, send, invite,
once a week
decorate, clean, wash
once a month
once a year
Make meaningful sentences with the help of the ‘actions’ and time expressions. Use
appropriate phrases also on your own to complete the sentences
Example : 1. Shishir washes his father’s car once a week.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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Work Book (Special English)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
G
R The Present Continuous Tense : It is used to indicate.
A
Often repeated actions in progress for a limited period around the time of speaking.
M •
M
My father is always working on his book.
A
Karan is looking for a job.
R
•
About actions that are happening at the time of speaking.
Where is Karan? He is playing.
Nidhi and her friends are working on their school project.
I am waiting for his arrival.
•
An action that is likely to hapeen in the near future. In such cases time must be expressed
in the sentences or must be clear from the context:
Prachi is coming to India next year. She is coming to meet her grandparents.
Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous tenses as they do not denote an
activity that is in progress. Such verbs usually denote mental or emotional states. The
following verbs are not generally used in the continuous tense :
Verbs of perception : see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, observe, recognize, ache
Verbs of states of mind : want, desire, refuse, forgive, care, hate, like, dislike, admire, believe, love
Verbs involving process of thought : feel, know, mean, suppose, consider
Verbs denoting possession : have, own, owe, belong, possess
Miscellaneous verbs : matter, consist of, possess, appear contain.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using either Present Simple or Present continuous
forms of the verbs provided in brackets. (In some cases two answers can be possible).
68
1.
Ask the boy what he ………………..….. ? (want).
2.
Prachi…………………..…….books during spare time (read)
3.
It was very cloudy this morning It…………………..…now. (rain)
4.
Prachi is tired. She………………………..now. (rest)
5.
My grandchildren usually……………………. their vacations in Bhopal (spend)
Work Book (Special English)
6.
My cousin…………………..……tomorrow. (arrive)
7.
11.
G
R
Karan…………………...on his school project at this moment (work)
A
Raina………………..….often (sleep) on the sofa while.....................……T.V. (watch) M
M
The Himalayas……………………. India and Tibet. (divide)
A
Raina cannot come to see you. She…………………. a letter now. (write)
R
12.
Raina……………………... a party today as it is her birthday. (have)
13.
My mother …………………..…. a special dish now. (prepare)
14.
What examination are you and your sister……………….……. for at the moment? (study)
15.
They never…………………..….. coffee. (have)
8.
9.
10.
They never……………………..…water during meals. (drink)
The Present Perfect Tense : This tense form is used :
•
to indicate a past action with present relevance:
Karan has finally found a job.
Have you posted the letter?
They have already seen this film.
•
to express an experience in the past, when the time has not been indicated.
I have visited the National Museum.
They have tasted defeat.
She has been to Japan twice.
•
to express actions that began in the past and continue up to the present moment.
They have lived in this house for twenty years.
He has written many books.
•
to indicate reference to a past event to imply that the result is still operative.
The taxi has arrived. (i.e. ‘The taxi is now here’)
He has been given a book. (i.e. ‘He now has the book’)
The following adverbials are associated with the present Perfect tense : just, already,
since, recently, lately, yet, not…… yet, so far, never……..before, before now, ever,
today, this week, this month, this year, this morning, this day, tonight, the last few
days, the last few hours, in the past month, in recent weeks, etc.
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Work Book (Special English)
Has the teacher corrected your homework yet?
I have not been able to do any work lately.
G
R The Present Perfect Continuous Tense A
•
This tense is used to indicate an action that began in the past and is still in progress
M
M
at the time of speech:
A
They have been living in India since birth.
R
I have not seen him for ages.
There has been no trouble since last week.
This tense form has to be used with since and for to indicate time up to the present.
for is used for expressing the period of time: for two weeks.
since is used for the point of time: since July.
EXERCISES
a)
It was Sundayand Vipal was planning to do something. Given below is the list of things
that he was planning to do. Write about the things he has already done and the things he
hasn’t done yet.
;
;
:
;
;
:
:
:
finish my homework
wash the scooter
buy a birthday card for my friend
arrange my bookshelf
see my friend who is ill
help my younger brother in his studies
join ‘Guitar Classes’
watch my favourite movie
Note :
;
:
means: He has already done that work.
means: He hasn’t done that work yet.
1.
…………………………………………………………………......................
2.
…………………………………………………………………......................
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Work Book (Special English)
3.
…………………………………………………………………......................
4.
…………………………………………………………………......................
5.
6.
7.
8.
b)
G
R
A
…………………………………………………………………......................
M
M
…………………………………………………………………......................
A
R
…………………………………………………………………......................
…………………………………………………………………......................
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the appropriate time expressions:
1.
His English has improved considerably………………..
i.
I saw him last
ii.
he has started taking lessons.
iii.
May 1999
2.
He has not read a newspaper…………………….
.
i.
as long as I can remember
ii.
yesterday
iii.
more than a year.
3.
4.
5.
My father has not come home…………………..
i.
my birth
ii.
I went to school
iii.
four years
I have not caught a cold…………………
i.
my childhood
ii.
many years
iii.
last year
They have not been to a school………………….
i.
their birth
ii.
a long time
iii.
two months now.
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Work Book (Special English)
c)
Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs provided in brackets in the Present
Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous form as required.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
1.
Karan………the Cricket Academy for the last four years. Now he can play cricket
well (attend)
d)
2.
Nidhi……already……….the Linguaphone course. (take)
3.
She……….here for two years now. (live)
4.
Professor Saxena…………. several different methods of teaching verbs. (adopt)
5.
He………… foreign students for about six years. (teach)
Read the situations and write one complete situation for each as given in the
example.
Example :
Roma started working on computer at 7 o’clock.
She is still working on it.
Ans. Roma has been working on computer since 7 o’clock.
1.
We started living in Bhopal in 1990.
We are still living in Bhopal.
..................……………………………………………………………………
2.
The gardener started mowing the grass two hours ago.
He is still mowing it.
..................……………………………………………………………………
3.
My mother started decorating the house in the morning.
She is still decorating it.
..................……………………………………………………………………
4.
I started reading Shakespear’s ‘Hamlet’ three hours ago.
I am still reading it.
..................……………………………………………………………………
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5.
They began their tour three months ago.
6.
G
R
..................…………………………………………………………………… A
M
Abbas and Aditi started making films when they left college.
M
They are still making films.
A
..................…………………………………………………………………… R
7.
My brother began playing chess when he was only three.
They are travelling round Singapore at the moment.
He is still playing it.
..................……………………………………………………………………
8.
Puran started painting the walls four hours ago.
He is still painting the walls.
..................……………………………………………………………………
The Simple Past Tense : The Simple Past tense is used to indicate :
•
an action that started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes the
speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have specific time
in mind.
Karan saw a movie yesterday.
Did you go to Indore yesterday?
Last month I travelled to Mauritius.
•
a series of past actions that happened one after another in the past:
I got up from bed, took bath and went to office without taking breakfast.
•
habitual actions in the past:
Prachi played the piano when she was a child.
She never told a lie in her life.
•
an action which begins and stops in the past. It must be followed by some time
adverbial of duration.
They lived in England for two years.
Raina studied French for many years.
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Difference between Simple Past and Present Perfect tense
1.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
The Simple Past Tense is used to describe completed activities, while the Present
Perfect Tense describes activities that began in the past and are still continuing.
I saw him yesterday evening (Past)
The number of my meetings with him has increased recently (present Perfect)
2.
Simple Past Tense describes past activities without linking them to the present.
But the Present Perfect Tense is used to describe completed activities in the past
with current relevance:
He completed his B.A. in 2004.
He has completed his B.A. (It suggests “Now he is studying for his M.A. degree”)
3.
With Simple Past Tense the time is specified while with Present Perfect Tense
only indefinite time expressions can be used.
He arrived yesterday. (Past)
He has already arrived (Present Perfect)
4.
There are certain cases in which both the Present Perfect and the Past Tense
may be used. But the meaning will change.
His mother has been an invalid all her life (This suggests, “She is still alive”)
His mother was invalid all her life (This suggests, “She is now dead.”)
EXERCISES
a)
Use the verbs provided in brackets in Simple Past Tense:
1.
Raina……… to the market after school. (go)
2.
My sister…………a beggar an hour ago. (see)
3.
Karan…………his grandparents yesterday (visit)
4.
Raina did not……..her homework because she……..ill. (do, be)
5.
Rohini never……….to school. (go)
6.
I………..the entrance examination in 2005. (take)
7.
We………….English verbs last month. (study)
8.
Karan…………. for some more money from his father. (ask)
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14.
G
Rewrite the following sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Also add an appropriate R
A
adverbial in each case from the list provided here: yesterday, last month, last year, M
M
sometimes ago, this morning :
A
1.
It suddenly becomes hot.
R
15.
b).
What……………. you………….. for lunch yesterday? (eat)
Karan…………….. a telegram to his father last month (send)
……………………………………………………………………...........................
2.
We are in a difficult situation.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
3.
My sister teaches me.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
4.
The doctor looks after patients.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
5.
Rohan get’s up early.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
6.
She speaks French.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
7.
They play cricket well.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
8.
We have lunch at one o’clock
……………………………………………………………………...........................
9.
He speaks English well.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
10.
The porter carries luggage.
……………………………………………………………………...........................
The Past Continuous Tense : It is used to indicate :
z
past actions of some duration but whose exact time limits are not known:
It was raining and getting colder.
He was weeping and getting nervous.
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z
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
past actions that began before and probably continued after a given time.
The sun was shining at noon.
Karan was reading at 8 o’clock.
z
When Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense are used in the same sentence
it denotes that when one action took place (Simple Past), the other was in progress
(Past Continuous):
When the postman came Karan was having lunch.
When the doorbell rang, karan was studying
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the Past Continuous form of the verb
given in brackets:
1.
What …….…. you…………...when the accident occurred? (do)
2.
I………………..… the bulb that had burnt out. (change)
3.
At 5 o’clock it ………………… (rain)
4.
When Karan called I ……………….…. (sleep)
5.
The postman came when I……………....(sleep)
6.
When I was eating lunch Soha …………………..(read)
7.
When they………………….. for the train, they saw Prachi. (wait)
8.
While mother…………………. lunch, father…………….…… the T.V. (cook, watch)
9.
When I went to her house she was not there. She …………….. at the libraty. (study)
10.
While I …………….………a horror film on the T.V., the power went out. (watch)
The Past Perfect Tense : It is used to indicate :
z
an action in the past completed before another action in the past.
Compare :
She is quite worried. She has not heard from her parents for several weeks. (Present
Perfect)
She was quite worried. She had not heard from her parents for several weeks. (Past
Perfect)
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It is evening. I have been hungry since noon. (Present Perfect)
G
In some contexts the Simple Past and Past Perfect are interchangeable particularly R
A
following the conjunction “after”.
M
M
I ate my lunch after I had completed my homework.
A
I ate my lunch after I completed my homework.
R
It was evening. I had been hungry since noon. (Past Perfect)
z
EXERCISES
a)
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with Past Simple or Past Perfect form of the
verbs provided in brackets:
b)
1.
By the time the ambulance ……………..the patient ……......…… (arrive, die)
2.
Several hours before the cricket match……the spectators……... the stadium. (start, fill)
3.
We…………..to this house in 2001 and ……….. here ever since. (come, live)
4.
When I……….a boy we………. on a farm. (be, live)
5.
Mother …………..very tired as she……….. the whole day. (be, work)
Combine the following pairs of sentences using the Past Perfect Tense to express the
earlier action:
1.
He joined his father’s trade.
He was then fifteen years of age.
……………………………………………………………………….......................
2.
Mother laid the table for lunch.
We came to the table a little later.
……………………………………………………………………….......................
3.
Nidhi went to sleep.
The telephone rang a little later.
……………………………………………………………………….......................
4.
The bell rang.
We entered the class a little later.
…………………………………………………………………….......................
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5.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
The fire devastated the whole village.
The fire brigade arrived later.
….......................……………………………………………………………………
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense : It is used to signify an action that had begun to
happen before some point of time, but had not finished happening at that time:
By 2005 Raina had been studying for five years as an engineering student.
When it started to rain Karan had been working non-stop since breakfast.
Other Ways to Express Past Actions
Habitual or repeated past actions, relating to a period of time in the past, can be expressed in the
following manners:
z
By using Simple Past tense :
My sister always slept late.
She woke me up every morning.
z
by using ‘used to’ plus infinitive :
Food items used to be very cheap ten years back.
He used to go to gymnasium when he was young.
Expression of Future
There is no future tense of the English verb. As such we have a number of ways for the
expression of future time:
1.
Will/shall + infinitive without ‘to’ : The parcel will arrive tomorrow:
2.
Be going + infinitive : The parcel is going to arrive tomorrow.
3.
Present Continuous : The parcel is arriving tomorrow.
4.
Simple Present : The parcel arrives tomorrow.
5.
Will / shall + be+main withing : The parcel will be arriving tomorrow.
Simple Future with will and shall
To express simple future use shall with the First Person and will with all other persons :
I shall leave for Indore on Sunday.
They will arrive late tomorrow.
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The teacher will teach me tomorrow.
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It is increasingly common to say, I will (I’II), we will (we’ll) while expressing simple future action.
For the expression of command, threat, promise and determination we reverse the use and use G
will with the First Person and shall with all other persons :
Command
:
You shall not leave the room.
Threat
:
You shall be punished for mistakes.
Promise
:
I will try to help you.
Determination
:
I will have a holiday tomorrow.
R
A
M
M
A
R
The ‘be going to’ form : This form is used to indicate.
z
Pre-meditated intention :
When they grow up they are going to work as lawyers.
My son is going to study engineering after school.
z
a future happening especially when something in the present situation indicates
the immediate future result:
Look how fast the cars are moving. There is going to be an accident.
The clouds are gathering thick. It is going to rain.
z
The past of going to form (was / were + going to) expresses a past intention that
could not materialize.
I was going to phone you when you rang the bell.
He was going to address a meeting in Goa, but decided to change his plans.
The Present Continuous : the Present Continuous is used for future.
z
To express actions already planned for the near future. In such cases the time
must be mentioned (tomorrow, next week, Sunday morning) to avoid confusion
between the present and future.
He is going to Mumbai tomorrow.
She is arriving next week.
z
to ask about the future plans :
What are you doing tomorrow?
Who is taking you to Delhi ?
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•
The verbs commonly used in the present continuous tense to express near future arrangements
are: do, have, arrive, come, drive, fly, go, start, stay, remain.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
The Simple Present : this tense form is used with time adverbials for future arrangements. It is
more formal way of speech.
We leave tonight for Mumbai.
They leave early today.
EXERCISE
1.
Prachi does the following things every day. Tell what she is going to do tomorrow.
(Use be going to form) :
1
Prachi gets up at 7 o’clock.
....................................................................................................................................
2
She has bath.
....................................................................................................................................
3
She puts on her school uniform.
....................................................................................................................................
4
She puts on shoes.
....................................................................................................................................
5
She has breakfast.
....................................................................................................................................
6
She waits for the school bus.
....................................................................................................................................
7
She arrives at school at 9 o’clock.
....................................................................................................................................
8
She attends her school.
....................................................................................................................................
9
In the interval she eats her lunch.
....................................................................................................................................
10
At 2 o’clock she goes to the library.
....................................................................................................................................
11
At 4 o’clock she returns home.
....................................................................................................................................
12
Then she goes to play.
....................................................................................................................................
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13
She returns from play at 7 o’clock.
....................................................................................................................................
14
15
G
R
.................................................................................................................................... A
M
At nine she goes to bed.
M
.................................................................................................................................... A
R
She has her dinner.
The Future Continuous Tense
This tense form is used to indicate :
z
an action or event that is expected to take place in the future:
New students will be joining the university next session.
z
an action is expected to be in progress at a time in future.
When he reaches London, it will be raining there.
The Future Perfect Tense
This tense form is used to indicate that an action will already have happened by certain time
in the future. In such cases some time adverbial has certainly to be used :
I will have retired from service by the time I reach sixty.
I will have finished writing this book by the end of February.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense form is used to indicate that an action will still be in progress at a given time in
future.
They will have been building this dam for twenty years this Diwali.
I will have been working on this book for two years next July.
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2.5 NONFINITES
G
R
We will learn the differences between finite verbs and non-finite verbs; how to use non-finite
A
M verbs as naming words or describing words; and the forms of such words. For example, the action
M word ‘Want’ can take three forms to be used as noun and/or adjectives in a sentence as shown here :
A
Action Word
R
‘want’
want-ing
To want
Infinitive
Present
Participle
Gerund
Noun
want-ed
Noun
Past
Participle
Adjective
Adjective
A finite verb is inflected according to person, tense, or mood and functions with a subject whereas a
non-finite verb (occurring as an infinitive, a participle, or a verb group beginning with a participle)
cannot be combined with a subject.
There are three major differences in the two types of functions :
(i)
Finite verb-forms are marked for tense.
For example,
(a)
He is writing a letter now.
(b)
He was writing a letter yesterday.
The contrast between the present tense and the past tense becomes obvious.
(ii)
Finite verb-forms can occur in independent clauses also.
All simple sentences contain at least one main verb.
(iii) Finite verb-forms agree with the subject in person and number.
For example :
(a)
He is young.
(b)
They are young.
(c)
You are young.
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But, the above three conditions do not apply to the non-finite verbs.
The sentences given below illustrate this.
(i)
I asked him to obey his parents.
(ii)
I like reading magazenes.
(iii)
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
(iv) Having obeyed his parents, he left for the job.
The two verb-forms, beginning with ‘to’ and ending with ‘-ing’ respectively (in sentence (i) &
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
(ii)) are called Infinitive and Gerund. They are mutually exclusive. For example.
(i)
To laugh is good for health.
(ii)
Laughing is good for health.
It can also act as the object of a verb, and a preposition.
The two verb-forms ending with ‘ing’ and ‘ed’as in the above sentences (iii) and (iv) are called
Present Participle and Past Participle respectively.
(i)
Present Participle has got an active meaning/ connotation.
For example,
There is an alarming increase in crime.
(ii)
Past Participle has got a passive meaning/connotation.
For example,
The alarmed soldier fled from the battlefield.
EXCERCISES
a)
(i)
Say whether the underlined verb-forms in each of the given sentences are
finite or non-finite.
(1)
I asked him to see the teacher.
(2)
The bus carrying the passengers arrived late.
(3)
We have got the expected results.
(4)
Walking about, I noticed a snake.
(5)
Having done his homework he left for the market.
(6)
The Prime Minister went to meet the President.
(7)
My brother watched laughing, from the doorway.
(8)
We were relieved to get our belongings back.
(9)
Swimming is good for health.
(10) He wants an interesting company.
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(ii)
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Also choose infinitive/gerund/present participle/past participle from each
of the sentences given above.
b)
Given below are certain rules of a school. Write complete sentences about
the school rules using any of the two phrases below –
(1)
We aren’t allowed………................
(2)
We are asked…………...................
SCHOOL RULES
-
Don’t bring mobile phones.
-
Always write in ink.
-
Help one another.
-
Don’t leave the class again and again.
-
Have lunch only during lunch break.
-
Speak English.
-
Don’t play in the classroom.
-
Keep silence.
-
Don’t talk in the library.
-
Come to school on time.
1. We aren’t allowed to bring mobile phones.
2. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
3. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
4. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
5. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
6. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
7. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
8. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
9. ………………………………..............................…………………………………..
10. ………………………………..............................………………………………
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c)
Combine the following pairs of sentences using a suitable verb in its- ing form.
Example :
(a) Don’t eat stale food.
(b) It is harmful for health.
- Eating stale food is harmful for health.
1.
She talks too much. Nobody likes it..
___________________________________________________________
2.
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
Don’t break the rules of the road. It is harmful for all.
___________________________________________________________
3.
We must appreciate our friends’ achievements. It promotes goodwill.
___________________________________________________________
4.
One should do one’s work in time. It brings success in life.
___________________________________________________________
5.
The team did well in the match. All appreciated them.
___________________________________________________________
6.
He tells lies. It has made him unpopular.
___________________________________________________________
7.
We should always help others. It gives happiness and satisfaction.
___________________________________________________________
8.
She got first position in the examination. I congratulated her.
___________________________________________________________
d)
Use the Gerund or Infinitive form of the words given in brackets and complete
the sentences.
1.
I dislike ————————— up early. (get)
2.
Would you mind ———————— the wridow, please ? (open)
3.
My little daughter likes ———————— with dolls. (play)
4.
They were surprised ——————————— the news. (hear)
5.
All the students were prevented from —————————— the party. (attend)
6.
He promised ————————— it in time. (finish)
7.
Most children enjoy ——————————— sandcastles. (build)
8.
My friend is certain ———————————— fault with my work. (find)
9.
The chair was not very comfortable ————————— (sit).
10. It was brave of him ————————— the child from drowning. (rescue)
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e)
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
f)
Fill in with the correct non-finite verb-forms.
1.
———————— is harmful. (Smoke)
2.
My landlord is a ———————— fellow. (dread)
3.
Your performance was —————————— . (entertain)
4.
He loves to ——————————— . (walk)
5.
We are generally afraid of —————————— . (die)
6.
Your comments are ——————————— . (dishearten)
7.
——————————— for the country is an honour.(fight)
8.
Poverty presents a —————————— sight.(depress)
9.
—————————— is the best exercise.(swim)
10.
I have a —————————— text of the speech.(write)
Rewrite the following sentences, using the participle contruction, as shown in the
example:
Example - The thief saw the policemen and ran away
- Seeing the plicemen, the thief ran awy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I saw him weeping and went to see what was wrong
____________________________________________________________
As the weather was fine, we went for a picinc.
____________________________________________________________
She walked up to the front door and rang the bell.
____________________________________________________________
My little son heard the noise and woke up.
____________________________________________________________
When I returned home, I found my kids playing outside.
____________________________________________________________
The policemen ran with all his might and caught the thief.
____________________________________________________________
7.
As he was defeated in the match, he decided not to play cricket again.
____________________________________________________________
8.
My father put on his overcoat and went for a walk.
____________________________________________________________
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G
R
A
M
M
A
R
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R
A
M
M
A
R
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A
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M
A
R
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A
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M
A
R
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A
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M
A
R
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A
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M
A
R
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R
A
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M
A
R
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A
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M
A
R
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R
A
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M
A
R
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A
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M
A
R
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2.7 NARRATION
•
•
•
G
The dictionary meaning of the verb ‘ narrate’ is “to give an account of something”. Thus R
A
narration means giving an account.
M
When the actual words of the speaker are reproduced, it is called Direct Narration. For M
A
example The teacher said, “Most of the students are punctual.” (A)
R
When the conversation is repeated without using the speaker’s actual words while keeping
the meaning unchanged, it is called Indirect Narration. For example. The teacher said
that most of the students were punctual. (B)
In the above sentences, ‘the teacher’ is the speaker, ‘said’ is the reporting verb and ‘most of
the students are punctual’ is the reported speech. From sentence (A), we learn that in direct narration:
(i)
The exact words of the speaker are put within inverted commas.
(ii) A comma is placed after the reporting verb.
(iii) The first word of the reported speech begins with a capital letter.
From sentence (B) we learn that in indirect narration :
(i)
The reported words are not placed within inverted commas.
(ii) No comma is placed after the reporting verb.
(iii) The reported speech is introduced by the conjunction ‘that’
(iv) The verb ‘are’ is changed into ‘were’ (if the reporting verb is in the past tense)
New read the prose extract given below :
We were visiting my grand parents’ home during the summer holidays when my mother
said to me, ‘We are going to the doctor this afternoon. He wants to look at your mouth
and nose.’
‘What is wrong with my mouth and nose?’ I asked.
My mother said that she thought I had adenoids.
Now that was a difficult word for an eight-year-old, so I asked her, ‘What are they?’
She told me not to worry about it as it was nothing.
The doctor said in Norwegian, ‘Open your mouth.’I thought he was going to do
something to my teeth. I refused. He spoke again very gently, and like an ass I agreed
to open my mouth. ‘It won’t take seconds’, he said.
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