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Language FUNCTION Negotiate © Hampton-Brown Negotiate How to Negotiate • State the issue and your opinion in a non-confrontational way. Example: This phone bill is two hundred dollars. Usually our phone bill is about seventy-five dollars. • Listen respectfully to other ideas. Calmly state your side. Example: I guess I didn’t realize how much the calls cost. I try to keep my calls short. Our plan doesn’t have enough minutes. • Make a compromise. Example: We will change to a plan with more minutes. But if you go over the limit, you will have to pay for your calls. Try It 1. With a partner, talk about what you see in the photograph. 2. Then choose an issue to try to negotiate. One person takes the role of the girl and the other is a parent. LEVEL B 000 S Grammar present, past, and future tense Why Do Verbs Have So Many Forms? Because They Change to Show When An Action Happens The tense of a verb shows when an action happens. Earlier Now Later Past Future Past Tense talked Present Tense talk talks Future Tense will talk • Present tense verbs tell about actions that happen now or on a regular basis. Walter and I talk every morning. I always see him before work. • Past tense verbs tell about an action that already happened. Add -ed to show the past. Or, use the correct form of an irregular verb. We talked yesterday morning. I also saw him last night. Present Tense am, is are have, has go, goes see, sees Past Tense was were had went saw • Future tense verbs tell about actions that haven’t happened yet. We will talk again soon. I will see him tomorrow. © Hampton-Brown Try It A.Talk about the play. Change the underlinedverb to the past tense. 1. “A Raisin in the Sun” opens on Broadway in 1959. The play is a hit. 2. The playwright, Lorraine Hansberry, dies at the age of 34. 3. Her plays, however, will live on. B.Talk with a partner about Walter. Write three sentences about Walter’s plans for Mama’s money. Use the future tense. LEVEL B 91 What If An Action Happened But You’re Not Sure When? Grammar present Perfect: regular verbs Use the Present Perfect Tense to Tell About It. • If you know when an action happened in the past, use a past tense verb. Last Saturday, we performed in a play. • If you’re not sure when a past action happened, use a verb in the present perfect tense . We have performed in many plays. • To form the present perfect, use the helping verb have or has plus the past participle of the main verb. For regular verbs, the past participle ends in - ed. Verb Past Tense Past Participle hope hoped hoped hug hugged hugged try tried tried Try It A.Say the sentence with the correct tense of the verb. © Hampton-Brown 1. Last night, our show (opened / has opened). 2. The lead performer (acted / has acted) in many plays before. 3. Our cast (rehearsed / has rehearsed) every night last week. 4. A lot of people (attended / have attended) our plays before. B.Now write three sentences about a play you have attended. Use verbs in the past tense and the present perfect tense. LEVEL B 92 What If a Past Action Is Still Going On? Grammar present perfect: regular verbs Then Use the Present Perfect Tense. • Use the present perfect tense to show that an action began in the past and may still be happening. The actors have enjoyed the chance to work together. (And they are probably still liking it.) Shawn has helped the cast a lot. (And he is probably still helping.) Earlier Now Later Past Future Present Perfect Tense have rehearsed has rehearsed • A verb in the present perfect tense uses the helping verb have or has plus the past participle of the main verb. For regular verbs, the past participle ends in - ed. Try It A.Tell about the characters in “A Raisin in the Sun.” Use have or has plus the correct form of the main verb in parentheses. 1. For a long time, Mama and the family in the little house. (live) © Hampton-Brown 2. They to improve their life. (want) 3. Walter to start a business for a while. (hope) 4. Mama to buy a bigger house. (planned) B.Tell more about the characters in the play. Use have or has plus a main verb that ends in - ed. Write three sentences. LEVEL B 93 Grammar present perfect: irregular verbs Do All Past Participles End in -ed? No, Irregular Verbs Have Special Forms. • Past participles of irregular verbs have a completely new spelling. Verb Forms of Be Past Tense Past Participle am, is was been are were been give gave given go went gone see saw seen • Use has or have plus the past participle to form the present perfect tense. Because my father is very wise, he has been important to me. My family and I have given a lot to each other. Try It A. Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses. © Hampton-Brown 1. Since my father was a boy, he every day. (go) 2. Because he family, I admire him. (be) to work a good provider for our 3. Although my father not always followed it. (give) 4. Yet, I often me advice, I have his wisdom at work. (see) B.Write two sentences about the bond between parent and child. Use the present perfect tense in each sentence. LEVEL B 94 Grammar review: present perfect tense Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense Remember: Use have or has plus the past participle of a verb to form the present perfect tense. • The past participle of a regular verb ends in - ed. I have wanted to talk about one of my grandparents. (want + -ed) Grandparents have influenced many families. (influence [− e] + -ed) • The past participle of an irregular verb has a completely new spelling. Verb Past Participle Verb Past Participle be come get been come got or gotten hold show take held shown taken Try It A.Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses. 1. For many years, our grandmother family together. (hold) 2. Teenagers often © Hampton-Brown 3. She our to her for help. (come) kindness to everyone. (show) B.Edit the paragraph. Fix four mistakes. The first is done for you. shared I have a big, happy family. Eight people have share four rooms for years. My home always was been crowded. I don’t complain, though. I seen smaller but less happy families. We always have took the attitude that “bigger is better”! LEVEL B 95 © Hampton-Brown Use Appropriate Language Language Function use appropriate language How to Use Appropriate Language • Use words that match the audience and the task. Example: Settling an argument with a friend: I’m sorry. You know I didn’t mean what I said. I just get crazy sometimes. Apologizing to a school counselor: Excuse me for raising my voice. I wasn’t acting appropriately. • Use appropriate facial expressions and body language. Example: In an informal situation, you might smile and touch the other person’s arm, shake hands, or hug. In a formal situation, you should make eye contact, look serious, and stand or sit up straight. Try It 1. With a partner, role-play two friends apologizing about an argument they had. Think about how you would look and act. 2. Now role-play apologizing to a teacher for being rude. Think about your facial expression and body language. LEVEL B 000 T How Do You Show Which Past Action Happened First? Grammar past perfect tense 000 96 Use the Past Perfect Tense. • Use the past tense of a verb to tell about an action that was completed in the past. Last Saturday, we watched a performance of “The Outsiders.” • If you want to show that one past action happened before another, use the past perfect tense for the action that happened first. We had reviewed the script before we saw the play. Even Earlier Earlier Now Later Past Future Past Perfect Tense Past Tense We had reviewed We saw the script. the play. • To form the past perfect tense, use had plus the past participle of the main verb. We learned a lot from our teacher because she had lived in Oklahoma in the 1960s. Try It © Hampton-Brown A.Say each sentence. Use the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. 1. Before we watched “The Outsiders,” we 1960s in class. (study) the 2. In the 1960s some cities had gangs as people their neighborhoods into “turfs.” (divide) 3. By the end of the twentieth century, many cities a rise in gang activity. (saw) B.Tell a partner about the story so far. Then write two sentences using the past perfect tense. LEVEL B How Do You Know Which Tense to Use? Grammar past, present perfect, and past perfect Think About When the Action Happened. • When you tell about the past, you may need to relate actions in time. First use the past tense to tell what happened. The Socs attacked Ponyboy last night. • Then use the past perfect tense to tell what happened before the attack. The Socs attacked Ponyboy last night, but the Greasers had fought with the Socs before. • Sometimes a past action may still be going on. That’s when you use the present perfect tense . In fact, the Socs and the Greasers have been enemies for a long time. Bob has hated Ponyboy since he met him. Try It A.Tell about Scene 1 of “The Outsiders.” Say each sentence with the correct form of the verb. 1. Darrel (has worried / had worried) about Ponyboy’s safety ever since their parents died. © Hampton-Brown 2. Last night Bob (held / has held) a knife to Ponyboy’s throat. 3. Before that, the Socs (attacked / had attacked) other Greasers. 4. Although Ponyboy was not hurt, the Greasers thought the Socs (have gone / had gone) too far. B.Now write three sentences about a character in “The Outsiders.” Use verbs in the past, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. LEVEL B 97 Grammar Future perfect tense When Do You Use the Future Perfect Tense? 98 When You Want to Relate a Future Action to a Future Time • Sometimes an action that hasn’t yet happened depends on another future event. That’s when you use the future perfect tense . Soon the play will end. By then, some Greasers will have acted like heroes. Before the play ends, everyone will have cried a lot of tears. Earlier Now Later Even Later Past Future Future Perfect Tense Some Greasers will have acted like heroes. the end of the play • To form the future perfect tense, use will have plus the past participle of the main verb. Before firefighters arrive, Ponyboy will have saved children. By morning, people will have heard about the teens’ courage. Try It A.Say each sentence. Use the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. © Hampton-Brown 1. By ten o’clock, the story on the news. (appear) 2. Reporters (interview) some of the rescued children. 3. The children and their teacher boys. (thank) 4. By morning, the newspaper also acts of heroism. (describe) the their B.What future will the characters have? Make a prediction by writing two sentences. Use the future perfect tense in each. LEVEL B Grammar past perfect and future perfect tenses How Are the Past Perfect and Future Perfect Tenses Alike? They Both Show How One Action Happens Before Another. • Use the past perfect tense to help your readers know that an action happened even earlier than another past action. Before Tupac Shakur sang about friendship, William Shakespeare had written about it. • Use the future perfect tense to help your readers know that an action will happen before some other time in the future. Years from now, do you think Tupac will have influenced as many people as Shakespeare? Try It A.Talk about friendship. Say each sentence. Use the past perfect or the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. 1. Before I got sick, we school. (know) each other in 2. You me so much in the hospital that Mom said you were now part of our family! (visit) © Hampton-Brown 3. By the time I got released, we friends. (become) very best 4. Before I get completely well, I hundred cards from you. (receive) 5. And I a the value of friendship. (learned) B.Write three sentences to tell about a friendship of your own. Use verbs in the past perfect and future perfect tenses. LEVEL B 99 Grammar review: verbs in the perfect tenses Write with the Perfect Tenses 100 Remember: Use the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses to show how actions are related in time. Study the chart. Tense When Do You Use It? Examples For actions that began in the past and are still going on We have been worried about our safety for a year. For actions that happened at an unknown past time A gang has formed in our neighborhood. Past Perfect For actions completed before another past action Before I met Sara, she had been in the gang. Future Perfect For actions that will happen before a future time By spring, we will have made our city safer. Present Perfect Try It A.Say each sentence. Use one of the perfect tenses of the verb in parentheses. 1. Mr. Wong our class for the last year. (teach) © Hampton-Brown 2. He said gang violence in his city in 1998. (start) 3. By the end of this year, he expects that the gang-related violence . (decrease) B.Edit the paragraph. Fix three mistakes. The first is done for you. has Marcus been a loyal friend. Rogelio pushed me down last week. He never done that before. Marcus saw it and reported Regelio. By next Friday, Regelio is suspended from school for five days. LEVEL B © Hampton-Brown Use Appropriate Language Language function use appropriate language How to Use Appropriate Language • Use words that match the audience and the occasion. Example: Doing a class presentation: Good afternoon class. We are here to present our findings on global warming. Talking to friends: What did you think of our report? Pretty good, right? • Use appropriate tone, volume, and stress in your voice. Example: For our presentation, we should speak clearly and loudly. Our tone should be serious. We should stress important words that we want our audience to remember. Try It 1. Role-play giving a presentation. Have a partner note what he or she thinks is especially appropriate, such as words or phrases, or your tone, volume, or stress. 2. Switch roles with your partner and then compare notes. Make a “Presenting Appropriately” tip sheet. LEVEL B U Grammar PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES Can a Verb Act Like an Adjective? Yes, When It is a Participle • Verbs have four principal parts. For example: Present Present Participle Past Past Participle write writing wrote written sing singing sang sung • Many verbs are made up of a helping verb and a participle . Present Participle: Whitman was writing poems. Past Participle: Whitman has written many classic poems. • A participle can act as an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun. His written works are still read today. Singing , the mechanics in Whitman’s poem celebrate their work. Tired , they stop to rest. Try It A.Combine sentences. Move the underlined participle to tell about a noun or a pronoun in the other sentence. Say the new sentence. © Hampton-Brown 1. We drove to the poetry festival in the rain. The rain was pouring. 2. I was exhausted. I was happy to get inside the festival tent. 3. The first poet came to the microphone. She was smiling. B.With a partner, talk about a poem you like. Then write two sentences about the poem. Use participles as adjectives. LEVEL B 000 101 What Are Participial Phrases? Grammar Using PARTICIPIAL PHRASES Phrases That Start with a Participle • A participle is a verb form, but it can act like an adjective to describe a noun or a pronoun. It can stand alone or come at the start of a phrase. A participle often ends in -ing. Exploding , the fireworks lit up the night on the 4th of July. Standing by the river, I saw brilliant colors decorating the sky. • You can create a participial phrase to combine two sentences. If the phrase begins a sentence, use a comma (,) after the phrase. I attend the celebration every year. I think about my country. Attending the celebration every year, I think about my country. • Place a participial phrase close to the noun or pronoun that it describes. Not OK: I took pictures of other spectators using my new camera. OK: Using my new camera, I took pictures of other spectators. Try It A.Use a participial phrase to combine sentences. Say the new sentences. © Hampton-Brown 1. My parents and I tour America. My parents and I learn a lot. 2. We walk through the cities. We see people of many cultures. 3. We watch dancers. They are performing in the park. B.Now tell a partner about a place that you have visited. Write a sentence about it. Use a participial phrase. LEVEL B 102 How Can You Add Details to Your Sentences? Grammar writing WITH PARTICIPIAL PHRASES Use a Participial Phrase. • A participial phrase begins with a participle . It acts like an adjective to describe a noun or a pronoun. 1. The present participle for all verbs ends in -ing. Studying Spanish, Nathan got interested in Mexico. 2. The past participle of a regular verb ends in -ed. An irregular verb has a special form. Verb Past Past Participle fill filled filled give gave given Mexico is a country filled with natural beauty. Given the chance, Nathan would go there tomorrow. • You can use a participial phrase to add details to your sentences. Surprised by a free ticket, Nathan is on his way to Mexico! © Hampton-Brown Try It A. Add a phrase to each sentence. Change the verb in parentheses to a present or past participle to start the phrase. 1. Mexico is a country . (admire) 2. Mexico has many villages 3. . (hide) , Nathan hopes to visit a village. (travel) B.Now write two simple sentences. Trade with a partner. Expand the sentences by adding a participial phrase. LEVEL B 103 What Is a “Dangling Participle”? Grammar PLACEMENT OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES It’s a Participle That Describes the Wrong Word. • Always place a participial phrase by the word it describes. Sometimes you can just move the phrase to fix the problem. Not OK: We could see that she admired Maya Angelou watching Tonya. OK: W atching Tonya, we could see that she admired Maya Angelou. • Sometimes you need to rephrase the sentence and include a word for the participle to describe. Not OK:Listening to Tonya, her admiration for Angelou was clear. OK:Listening to Tonya, we heard her clear admiration for Angelou. Try It A.Fix each dangling participle. Say the new sentence. 1. Angelou writes about the human family finding joy in people. © Hampton-Brown 2. Traveling the world, no “common” person has been found by her. 3. Looking around, people have important similarities. 4. Calling everyone her friend, all people are celebrated. B. What does it mean to be in the “human family”? Write two sentences. Use a participial phrase in each sentence. LEVEL B 104 Enrich Your Sentences Grammar review: ENRICHing YOUR SENTENCES Remember: A participle is a verb form that can act as an adjective. A participial phrase begins with a participle. Participles and participial phrases describe nouns and pronouns. • A participle ends in -ing or -ed, or it has a special form. It can stand alone, or it can come at the start of a participial phrase. Smiling citizens came to the community center. Rising to their feet, they applauded the speaker. She gave an inspired speech about community pride. Drawn by hope, the crowd was moved by her words. • You can use participial phrases to combine or expand sentences. I felt the pride. I wanted to do more for my community. Feeling the pride, I wanted to do more for my community. Try It A. Use a participial phrase to combine each pair of sentences. 1. I walk through town. I think about our community spirit. © Hampton-Brown 2. Our diverse city is a friendly place. It is praised for its spirit of cooperation. B.Expand the sentences in the paragraph. Add details in a participial phrase to three sentences. The first one is done for you. filled with talent Many kinds of people live in my neighborhood. Mr. Rose is a good artist. Mrs. Gomez sits on her porch. She sings songs. Dr. Lee lives down the street. His garden beautifies our neighborhood. LEVEL B 105