Download Unit 7 - Wilson School District

Language FUNCTION Negotiate
© Hampton-Brown
Negotiate
How to Negotiate
• State the issue and your opinion in a non-confrontational way.
Example: This phone bill is two hundred dollars. Usually our
phone bill is about seventy-five dollars.
• Listen respectfully to other ideas. Calmly state your side.
Example: I guess I didn’t realize how much the calls cost. I try
to keep my calls short. Our plan doesn’t
have enough minutes.
• Make a compromise.
Example: We will change to a plan with more minutes. But if
you go over the limit, you will have to
pay for your calls.
Try It
1. With a partner, talk about what you see in the photograph.
2. Then choose an issue to try to negotiate. One person takes
the role of the girl and the other is a parent.
LEVEL B
000
S
Grammar present, past, and future tense
Why Do Verbs Have
So Many Forms?
Because They Change to Show When An Action Happens
The tense of a verb shows when an action happens.
Earlier
Now
Later
Past
Future
Past Tense
talked
Present Tense
talk
talks
Future Tense
will talk
• Present tense verbs tell about actions that happen now or
on a regular basis.
Walter and I talk every morning. I always see him before work.
• Past tense verbs tell about an action that already happened.
Add -ed to show the past. Or, use the correct form of an irregular verb.
We talked yesterday morning. I also saw him last night.
Present Tense
am, is
are
have, has
go, goes
see, sees
Past Tense
was
were
had
went
saw
• Future tense verbs tell about actions that haven’t happened yet.
We will talk again soon. I will see him tomorrow.
© Hampton-Brown
Try It
A.Talk about the play. Change the underlinedverb to the past tense.
1. “A Raisin in the Sun” opens on Broadway in 1959. The play is a hit.
2. The playwright, Lorraine Hansberry, dies at the age of 34.
3. Her plays, however, will live on.
B.Talk with a partner about Walter. Write three sentences about
Walter’s plans for Mama’s money. Use the future tense.
LEVEL B
91
What If An Action Happened
But You’re Not Sure When?
Grammar present Perfect: regular verbs
Use the Present Perfect Tense to Tell About It.
• If you know when an action happened in the past,
use a past tense verb.
Last Saturday, we performed in a play.
• If you’re not sure when a past action happened, use
a verb in the present perfect tense .
We have performed in many plays.
• To form the present perfect, use the helping verb
have or has plus the past participle of the main verb.
For regular verbs, the past participle ends in - ed.
Verb
Past Tense
Past Participle
hope
hoped
hoped
hug
hugged
hugged
try
tried
tried
Try It
A.Say the sentence with the correct tense of the verb.
© Hampton-Brown
1. Last night, our show (opened / has opened).
2. The lead performer (acted / has acted) in many plays before.
3. Our cast (rehearsed / has rehearsed) every night last week.
4. A lot of people (attended / have attended) our plays before.
B.Now write three sentences about a play you have attended. Use
verbs in the past tense and the present perfect tense.
LEVEL B
92
What If a Past Action
Is Still Going On?
Grammar present perfect: regular verbs
Then Use the Present Perfect Tense.
• Use the present perfect tense to show that an action began
in the past and may still be happening.
The actors have enjoyed the chance to work together.
(And they are probably still liking it.)
Shawn has helped the cast a lot. (And he is probably still helping.)
Earlier
Now
Later
Past
Future
Present Perfect Tense
have rehearsed
has rehearsed
• A verb in the present perfect tense uses the helping verb
have or has plus the past participle of the main verb. For regular
verbs, the past participle ends in - ed.
Try It
A.Tell about the characters in “A Raisin in the Sun.” Use have or
has plus the correct form of the main verb in parentheses.
1. For a long time, Mama and the family
in the little house. (live)
© Hampton-Brown
2. They
to improve their life. (want)
3. Walter
to start a business for a while. (hope)
4. Mama
to buy a bigger house. (planned)
B.Tell more about the characters in the play. Use have or has plus a
main verb that ends in - ed. Write three sentences. LEVEL B
93
Grammar present perfect: irregular verbs
Do All Past Participles
End in -ed?
No, Irregular Verbs Have Special Forms.
• Past participles of irregular verbs have a completely new spelling.
Verb
Forms
of Be
Past Tense
Past Participle
am, is
was
been
are
were
been
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
see
saw
seen
• Use has or have plus the past participle to form the
present perfect tense.
Because my father is very wise, he has been important to me.
My family and I have given a lot to each other.
Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses.
© Hampton-Brown
1. Since my father was a boy, he
every day. (go)
2. Because he
family, I admire him. (be)
to work
a good provider for our
3. Although my father
not always followed it. (give)
4. Yet, I often
me advice, I have
his wisdom at work. (see)
B.Write two sentences about the bond between parent and child.
Use the present perfect tense in each sentence.
LEVEL B
94
Grammar review: present perfect tense
Verbs in the
Present Perfect Tense
Remember: Use have or has plus the past participle of a verb to form the present perfect tense.
• The past participle of a regular verb ends in - ed.
I have wanted to talk about one of my grandparents. (want + -ed)
Grandparents have influenced many families. (influence [− e] + -ed)
• The past participle of an irregular verb has a completely new spelling.
Verb
Past Participle
Verb
Past Participle
be
come
get
been
come
got or gotten
hold
show
take
held
shown
taken
Try It
A.Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses.
1. For many years, our grandmother
family together. (hold)
2. Teenagers often
© Hampton-Brown
3. She
our
to her for help. (come)
kindness to everyone. (show)
B.Edit the paragraph. Fix four mistakes. The first is done for you.
shared
I have a big, happy family. Eight people have share four
rooms for years. My home always was been crowded. I don’t
complain, though. I seen smaller but less happy families. We always
have took the attitude that “bigger is better”!
LEVEL B
95
© Hampton-Brown
Use Appropriate Language
Language Function use
appropriate language
How to Use Appropriate Language
• Use words that match the audience and the task.
Example: Settling an argument with a friend: I’m sorry. You
know I didn’t mean what I said. I just get crazy sometimes.
Apologizing to a school counselor: Excuse me for
raising my voice. I wasn’t acting appropriately.
• Use appropriate facial expressions and body language.
Example: In an informal situation, you might smile and touch the
other person’s arm, shake hands, or hug.
In a formal situation, you should make eye contact, look
serious, and stand or sit up straight.
Try It
1. With a partner, role-play two friends apologizing about an
argument they had. Think about how you would look and act.
2. Now role-play apologizing to a teacher for being rude. Think
about your facial expression and body language.
LEVEL B
000
T
How Do You Show Which
Past Action Happened First?
Grammar
past perfect tense
000
96
Use the Past Perfect Tense.
• Use the past tense of a verb to tell about an action that
was completed in the past.
Last Saturday, we watched a performance of “The Outsiders.”
• If you want to show that one past action happened before another,
use the past perfect tense for the action that happened first.
We had reviewed the script before we saw the play.
Even Earlier
Earlier
Now
Later
Past
Future
Past Perfect Tense Past Tense
We had reviewed
We saw
the script.
the play.
• To form the past perfect tense, use had plus the past participle of
the main verb.
We learned a lot from our teacher because she had lived
in Oklahoma in the 1960s.
Try It
© Hampton-Brown
A.Say each sentence. Use the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. Before we watched “The Outsiders,” we
1960s in class. (study)
the
2. In the 1960s some cities had gangs as people
their neighborhoods into “turfs.” (divide)
3. By the end of the twentieth century, many cities
a rise in gang activity. (saw)
B.Tell a partner about the story so far. Then write two sentences
using the past perfect tense.
LEVEL B
How Do You Know
Which Tense to Use?
Grammar past, present
perfect, and past perfect
Think About When the Action Happened.
• When you tell about the past, you may need to relate actions
in time. First use the past tense to tell what happened.
The Socs attacked Ponyboy last night.
• Then use the past perfect tense to tell what happened
before the attack.
The Socs attacked Ponyboy last night, but the Greasers
had fought with the Socs before.
• Sometimes a past action may still be going on. That’s when
you use the present perfect tense .
In fact, the Socs and the Greasers have been enemies
for a long time.
Bob has hated Ponyboy since he met him.
Try It
A.Tell about Scene 1 of “The Outsiders.” Say each sentence with
the correct form of the verb.
1. Darrel (has worried / had worried) about Ponyboy’s safety
ever since their parents died.
© Hampton-Brown
2. Last night Bob (held / has held) a knife to Ponyboy’s throat.
3. Before that, the Socs (attacked / had attacked) other Greasers.
4. Although Ponyboy was not hurt, the Greasers thought the
Socs (have gone / had gone) too far.
B.Now write three sentences about a character in “The Outsiders.”
Use verbs in the past, present perfect, and past perfect tenses.
LEVEL B
97
Grammar Future
perfect tense
When Do You Use
the Future Perfect Tense?
98
When You Want to Relate a Future Action to a Future Time
• Sometimes an action that hasn’t yet happened depends on another
future event. That’s when you use the future perfect tense .
Soon the play will end. By then, some Greasers will have acted
like heroes.
Before the play ends, everyone will have cried a lot of tears.
Earlier
Now
Later
Even Later
Past
Future
Future Perfect Tense
Some Greasers will have
acted like heroes.
the end of
the play
• To form the future perfect tense, use will have plus the
past participle of the main verb.
Before firefighters arrive, Ponyboy will have saved children.
By morning, people will have heard about the teens’ courage.
Try It
A.Say each sentence. Use the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
© Hampton-Brown
1. By ten o’clock, the story
on the news. (appear)
2. Reporters
(interview)
some of the rescued children.
3. The children and their teacher
boys. (thank)
4. By morning, the newspaper also
acts of heroism. (describe)
the
their
B.What future will the characters have? Make a prediction by writing two sentences. Use the future perfect tense in each. LEVEL B
Grammar past perfect
and future perfect tenses
How Are the Past Perfect
and Future Perfect Tenses Alike?
They Both Show How One Action Happens Before Another.
• Use the past perfect tense to help your readers know that an action
happened even earlier than another past action.
Before Tupac Shakur sang about friendship, William Shakespeare
had written about it.
• Use the future perfect tense to help your readers know that an
action will happen before some other time in the future.
Years from now, do you think Tupac will have influenced as
many people as Shakespeare?
Try It
A.Talk about friendship. Say each sentence. Use the past perfect or
the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. Before I got sick, we
school. (know)
each other in
2. You
me so much in the hospital that
Mom said you were now part of our family! (visit)
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3. By the time I got released, we
friends. (become)
very best
4. Before I get completely well, I
hundred cards from you. (receive)
5. And I
a
the value of friendship. (learned)
B.Write three sentences to tell about a friendship of your own. Use verbs in the past perfect and future perfect tenses.
LEVEL B
99
Grammar review: verbs
in the perfect tenses
Write with the
Perfect Tenses
100
Remember: Use the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect
tenses to show how actions are related in time. Study the chart.
Tense
When Do You Use It?
Examples
For actions that began in the
past and are still going on
We have been worried
about our safety for a year.
For actions that happened
at an unknown past time
A gang has formed in our
neighborhood.
Past
Perfect
For actions completed
before another past action
Before I met Sara, she
had been in the gang.
Future
Perfect
For actions that will happen
before a future time
By spring, we will have
made our city safer.
Present
Perfect
Try It
A.Say each sentence. Use one of the perfect tenses of the verb in parentheses.
1. Mr. Wong
our class for the last year. (teach)
© Hampton-Brown
2. He said gang violence
in his city in 1998. (start)
3. By the end of this year, he expects that the gang-related
violence
. (decrease)
B.Edit the paragraph. Fix three mistakes. The first is done for you.
has
Marcus been a loyal friend. Rogelio pushed me down last week.
He never done that before. Marcus saw it and reported Regelio. By
next Friday, Regelio is suspended from school for five days.
LEVEL B
© Hampton-Brown
Use Appropriate Language
Language function use appropriate language
How to Use Appropriate Language
• Use words that match the audience and the occasion.
Example: Doing a class presentation: Good afternoon class. We
are here to present our findings on global warming.
Talking to friends: What did you think of our report?
Pretty good, right?
• Use appropriate tone, volume, and stress in your voice.
Example: For our presentation, we should speak clearly and
loudly. Our tone should be serious. We should stress important
words that we want our audience to remember.
Try It
1. Role-play giving a presentation. Have a partner note what he or
she thinks is especially appropriate, such as words or phrases,
or your tone, volume, or stress.
2. Switch roles with your partner and then compare notes. Make
a “Presenting Appropriately” tip sheet.
LEVEL B
U
Grammar PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
Can a Verb Act Like
an Adjective?
Yes, When It is a Participle
• Verbs have four principal parts. For example:
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
write
writing
wrote
written
sing
singing
sang
sung
• Many verbs are made up of a helping verb and a participle .
Present Participle: Whitman was writing poems.
Past Participle: Whitman has written many classic poems.
• A participle can act as an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun.
His written works are still read today.
Singing , the mechanics in Whitman’s poem celebrate their work.
Tired , they stop to rest.
Try It
A.Combine sentences. Move the underlined participle to tell about a
noun or a pronoun in the other sentence. Say the new sentence.
© Hampton-Brown
1. We drove to the poetry festival in the rain. The rain was pouring.
2. I was exhausted. I was happy to get inside the festival tent.
3. The first poet came to the microphone. She was smiling.
B.With a partner, talk about a poem you like. Then write two sentences about the poem. Use participles as adjectives.
LEVEL B
000
101
What Are Participial
Phrases?
Grammar Using PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Phrases That Start with a Participle
• A participle is a verb form, but it can act like an adjective to describe
a noun or a pronoun. It can stand alone or come at the start of a
phrase. A participle often ends in -ing.
Exploding , the fireworks lit up the night on the 4th of July.
Standing by the river, I saw brilliant colors decorating the sky.
• You can create a participial phrase to combine two sentences.
If the phrase begins a sentence, use a comma (,) after the phrase.
I attend the celebration every year. I think about my country.
Attending the celebration every year, I think about my country.
• Place a participial phrase close to the noun or pronoun that it describes.
Not OK: I took pictures of other spectators using my new camera.
OK: Using my new camera, I took pictures of other spectators.
Try It
A.Use a participial phrase to combine sentences. Say the new
sentences.
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1. My parents and I tour America. My parents and I learn a lot.
2. We walk through the cities. We see people of many cultures.
3. We watch dancers. They are performing in the park.
B.Now tell a partner about a place that you have visited. Write a
sentence about it. Use a participial phrase.
LEVEL B
102
How Can You Add
Details to Your Sentences?
Grammar writing WITH PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Use a Participial Phrase.
• A participial phrase begins with a participle .
It acts like an adjective to describe a noun or a pronoun.
1. The present participle for all verbs ends in -ing.
Studying Spanish, Nathan got interested in Mexico.
2. The past participle of a regular verb ends in -ed.
An irregular verb has a special form.
Verb
Past
Past Participle
fill
filled
filled
give
gave
given
Mexico is a country filled with natural beauty.
Given the chance, Nathan would go there tomorrow.
• You can use a participial phrase to add details to your sentences.
Surprised by a free ticket, Nathan is on his way to Mexico!
© Hampton-Brown
Try It
A. Add a phrase to each sentence. Change the verb in parentheses to
a present or past participle to start the phrase.
1. Mexico is a country
. (admire)
2. Mexico has many villages
3.
. (hide)
, Nathan hopes to visit a village. (travel)
B.Now write two simple sentences. Trade with a partner. Expand the
sentences by adding a participial phrase.
LEVEL B
103
What Is a “Dangling
Participle”?
Grammar PLACEMENT
OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
It’s a Participle That Describes the Wrong Word.
• Always place a participial phrase by the word it describes.
Sometimes you can just move the phrase to fix the problem.
Not OK: We could see that she admired Maya Angelou
watching Tonya.
OK: W
atching Tonya, we could see that she admired
Maya Angelou.
• Sometimes you need to rephrase the sentence and include a
word for the participle to describe.
Not OK:Listening to Tonya, her admiration for Angelou
was clear.
OK:Listening to Tonya, we heard her clear admiration
for Angelou.
Try It
A.Fix each dangling participle. Say the new sentence.
1. Angelou writes about the human family finding joy in people.
© Hampton-Brown
2. Traveling the world, no “common” person has been found by her.
3. Looking around, people have important similarities.
4. Calling everyone her friend, all people are celebrated.
B. What does it mean to be in the “human family”? Write two
sentences. Use a participial phrase in each sentence.
LEVEL B
104
Enrich Your Sentences
Grammar review: ENRICHing YOUR SENTENCES
Remember: A participle is a verb form that can act as an adjective. A participial phrase begins with a participle. Participles and participial
phrases describe nouns and pronouns.
• A participle ends in -ing or -ed, or it has a special form. It can
stand alone, or it can come at the start of a participial phrase.
Smiling citizens came to the community center.
Rising to their feet, they applauded the speaker.
She gave an inspired speech about community pride.
Drawn by hope, the crowd was moved by her words.
• You can use participial phrases to combine or expand sentences.
I felt the pride. I wanted to do more for my community.
Feeling the pride, I wanted to do more for my community.
Try It
A. Use a participial phrase to combine each pair of sentences.
1. I walk through town. I think about our community spirit.
© Hampton-Brown
2. Our diverse city is a friendly place. It is praised for its spirit of
cooperation.
B.Expand the sentences in the paragraph. Add details in a participial
phrase to three sentences. The first one is done for you.
filled with talent
Many kinds of people live in my neighborhood. Mr. Rose is a
good artist. Mrs. Gomez sits on her porch. She sings songs.
Dr. Lee lives down the street. His garden beautifies our neighborhood.
LEVEL B
105