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Classification of Plants Plants Aquatic Plants • Ex. green algae Similarities between green algae and land plants: • A) have chlorophylls a and b • B) cellulose cell walls • C) store food energy in the form of starch (rather than glycogen) Plants to Land (400MYA) Adaptations that needed to be evolved before plants could live on land: • A) protection from drying out • B) system of transport from outside environment to cells in the body of plant • C) system to support the body of plant Adaptation to Land 3 organs that developed to adapt to life on land: • A) roots: penetrate soil to anchor plant; reach water source • B) leaves: greater surface area for photosynthesis • C) stems: rigid tissue to raise and support leaves Land plants: non-vascular vs. vascular Vascular plants appeared 360MYA A vascular tissue : • a system of tubes that carry water and dissolved nutrients through a plant Land plants: non-vascular vs. vascular Non-vascular (bryophytes) • No vascular (transport) tissue • Have root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures (poorly developed roots, leaves and stems) • Grow short, small • ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts Vascular (tracheophytes) • has vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients • Have true roots, stems and leaves • Grow taller, larger • 1) seedless (spore producing) • Ex. ferns • 2) seed producing • Ex. conifers, flowering plants Non-Vascular vs. Vascular Advantage of vascular plants? • - can live in drier environment • - can grow larger (water and nutrients can reach far with the vascular tissue) Non-vascular plants live in moist environment and have smaller sizes. Non-vascular (bryophytes) Mosses • Liverworts Hornworts Vascular (tracheophytes) 1) Seedless (spore-producing) ex. ferns • Grow in marshes and edges of shores; requires water for reproduction – spores (sperm) swim in water to the female organ (in different plant or same plant) Advantages of having seeds • A) food storage • B) tough waterproof coat – protection against harsh conditions • C) remain dormant- survive exposure to harsh conditions • D) sexual reproduction without needing water Gymnosperm- “naked seed” ex. ginkgoes, conifers Angiosperms-flowering plants Examples Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms • Conifers: produce cones in the spring and summer • Male vs. female cones (in clusters) (scattered, hidden seeds) • Flowering plants • Also grass and herbs Seed Structure Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms • Means “naked seed” • Means “seed in a vessel” • Seeds that are exposed • Seed = embryo to the environment +nutrient storage+ coat (often as cones) • Seeds that are not • Thin cover of protection exposed to the environment (drought, fire…) • Seed protected with body of fruit Preferred Environment Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms • Environments with long, cold winters and low amounts of nutrients in the soil • Found in Canada and northern Europe and northern Asia • Found all over the world Number of species Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms • Smaller in number • Approx. 1000 species • Larger in number • Approx. 250 000 species . 2 groups Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Monocotyledons Dicotyledons . roots, stems, leaves . vascular tissues (transport) . flowers, fruits (contain seeds) Two peanut seeds in the hard ovary vs Two apple seeds in the fleshy fruit Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Cotyledon: the structure in a plant’s seed that stores carbohydrates for the seedling • It’s known as “seed leaf” because the plant’s first leaf develops from it. • ex) onion- single leaf monocot • alfalfa- two leaves dicot Monocotyledons Parallel veins Dicotyledons Veins in network Structure Monocots Dicots Number of cotyledons 1 2 Number of flower petals Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5 Number of species Fewer More Examples Tulip, lily, corn, Rose, maple onion, grass, tree, carrot, rice, banana potatoes, beans Root structure Structure Monocots Root cross- Vascular bundles section are arranged in a ring Root system Fibrous rootsmany thin roots Dicots xylem in the center of the root (with an X shape) and phloem outside the xylem. Tap roots – one large vertical root with smaller branches Stem crosssection Vascular bundles are scattered Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring Tissue Herbaceous –soft & flesh stems Only about 10% are woody Woody- tough, rigid Monocot Stem vs. Dicot Stem vascular bundles- scattered vs. in a ring Leaf Structure Monocots Dicots Leaf crosssection Spongy mesophyll Leaf structure Long strips Parallel veins Palisade mesophyll + spongy mesophyll Broad leaf Net-like veins Double fertilization • 1) between a sperm(1n) and the egg (1n) becomes the zygote (2n)develops into an embryo • 2) between a sperm(1n) and the two polar nuclei (n +n) becomes the endosperm (3n) provides nutrients for the embryo • each ovule forms a seed (there are many ovules in the ovary) • the ovary develops into a fruit Gametes • Inside the anther, microspores are produced through meiosis. These microspores give rise to the pollen grain (1n). • The female reproductive organ, the ovary, contains developing ovules. Each ovule produces megaspores (haploid) through meiosis. One megaspore survives in each ovule and develops into an egg (1n). • When pollen reaches the stigma, it grows a pollen tube to extend down the style.