Download Chapter 20 The Heart

Chapter 20
The Heart
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
o
The adult heart is approximately the size of _________________________.
o
The heart is located in the _________ cavity, between _________________.
o
Base is directed ____________, and the apex is directed
___________________.
o
The membrane surrounding and protecting the heart is called
______________.
o
Pericardium consists of two parts; outer is the ______________ and the
inner is the __________________.
o
Serous pericardium is double layered; outer is ___________________ and
inner is called ________________.
o
Visceral pericardium is also called the _______________.
o
Space between the parietal and the visceral pericardium is called the
_____________________ cavity filled with the ____________ fluid.
o
Inflammation of the pericardium leads to ______________________.
o
The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the _______________.
o
The middle layer of the heart wall is called the _______________.
o
The innermost layer of the heart wall is called the _______________.
Chambers of the Heart
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How many chambers does the heart have? ____________.
o
The superior chambers are called ___________ and the inferior chambers are
called ________________.
o
Each atria has a flap like extension called ______________, which functions
to _____________________________.
o
An external groove separating the atria from the ventricles is called
________________________.
o
Right atrium receives blood from _______________, ________________ and
______________________.
o
_______________________ is an opening in the fetal heart in the inter-atrial
septum, it closes after birth and becomes _________________________.
o
Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle by passing through
the ___________________ valve.
o
Inner wall of Ventricles have irregular ridges and folds, which are called
___________________________.
o
Left and right ventricles are separated from each other by
_____________________ septum.
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Blood passes from the right ventricle to the _________________________,
through a valve called the _____________________________ .
o
Left atrium receives blood from the ___________ via ________________
veins.
o
Blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through a valve called
the _________________, also known as the ________________________.
o
Blood passes from the _________________to the aorta through a valve
called the _________________________.
o
During fetal life, a temporary blood vessel called ________________,
connects pulmonary trunk to the aorta, this blood vessels closes shortly after
birth, leaving a remnant called _________________ .
o
What is the function of ductus arteriosus?
______________________________________________.
o
Between the atria and ventricles which one has a thicker myocardial wall?
Why? __________________________________________
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Wall of the ________ ventricle is 2-4 times thicker than the wall of
_________ ventricle, since it has to pump blood long distance to all body
parts.
HEART VALVES AND CIRCULATION OF BLOOD
o
Heart Valves open and close in response to ___________________ changes
in the heart chambers.
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The valve is made up of 2-3 _____________ or __________________.
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Valves prevent the ____________________________.
o
Where are the papillary muscles located? ____________________________.
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Papillary muscles are connected to the cusps by
___________________________________.
o
Contraction of the right ventricle causes the ____________ valves to close
and the _____________ valves to open, causing the blood to flow in to
______________________________.
o
Where is the bicuspid valve? __________________________.
o
Why is it called the bicuspid valve? ____________________________.
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Bicuspid valve is also called the ________________________ valve.
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With each beat of the heart, the blood is pumped into two closed circuits
called _____________________ and ______________________ circulation.
o
The ________ side of the heart is for _________________________
circulation. it receives oxygenated blood from the _____________ and
distributes it to the _____________________.
o
The ________ side of the heart is for _________________________
circulation. it receives de-oxygenated blood from the _____________ and
sends it to the _______________ for oxygenation.
o
Blood from the systemic circulation enters the _______________ of the heart
and then passes through the tricuspid valve to the _____________________
of the heart.
o
Contraction of the right ventricle forces the blood to flow into the
_____________________ and finally to the _______________ where gas
exchange takes place.
o
Oxygenated blood returns to the ________________________ by four
______________________ veins.
o
Blood then passes through the mitral valve to the
_______________________.
o
Contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood to flow into the
_____________________ and finally distributed to the _______________ .
o
The two major arteries supplying blood to the myocardium are called:
_______________________ and ________________________________.
o
Blood is drained from the atria and ventricles by
_________________________ which empties into the right atrium.
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE AND THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
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Cardiac muscles fibers are connected to each other by
____________________.
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Intercalated discs are rich in _______________ which allow cell-cell
communication.
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Cardiac muscle cells are rich in _______________ which produce
________________ for muscle contraction.
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Specialized cardiac muscle cells capable of generating spontaneous action
potentials are called ________________________________.
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Sinoatrial node is located in the wall of ____________________.
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Sinoatrial node is also called the _______________________. Why?
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Atrioventricular node is located in the _______________________.
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At the AV node the action potential is delayed by _______________, which
allows for _________________________.
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AV node passes the action potential to the
______________________________, which divides to form
__________________________ and ___________________________
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The Bundle branches are located in the __________________________ and
they transfer the action potential finally to the
_________________________.
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On its own, SA node is capable of generating an action potential every
____________ sec, which results in contraction at the rate of _________
beats/min.
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Signal form the ______________ nervous system and ___________
(hormone) can modify the rate of heartbeat.
•
Action Potential and Contraction of Contractile Fibers
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Depolarization begins by the opening of ____________ channels, causing an
influx of ________________ causing rapid depolarization.
o
What is the plateau phase? ________________________.
o
Plateau phase is characterized by the opening of ________ channels,
increasing the influx of ____________ which triggers muscle contraction.
o
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Repolarization is due the closure of _________ channels and opening of
____________ channels.
o
Define refractory period?
____________________________________________________.
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The longer refractory period in the cardiac muscle fibers allows
_______________________________________________.
o
What is ECG or EKG?
______________________________________________.
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The instruments used to record ECG is called
___________________________.
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P wave is the result of _______________________________________ and
signals the onset of __________________________.
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QRS complex results from ______________________________________
and signals the onset of _________________________________.
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T wave results from ______________________________________ and
signals the onset of _________________________________.
o
What does the PQ interval represent?
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An abnormal ECG can indicate
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________.
CARDIAC CYCLE
o
Cardiac cycle refers to
____________________________________________________.
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The average duration of cardiac cycle in an adult is ______________ sec.
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The term _______________ means to contract.
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The term ________________ means to relax.
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The major phases of the caridac cycle are:
_________________________________________________.
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Atrial systole lasts _________ sec and involves the contraction of
_______________.
o
Contraction of the atria opens the _________ valve, causing the blood to flow
into the ventricles.
o
The total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of this phase is called
the _______________________________.
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As ventricular systole begins, the pressure in the ventricle
_________________, causing the closure of __________ valves.
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All four valves close at this time and this brief period is called
_________________________________.
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When the ventricular pressure becomes grater than the pressure in the
pulmonary trunk and the aorta the ___________ valves are pushed open and
blood begins to flow out of the ventricles.
o
At the end of all ejection the volume of blood still left behind in the ventricles
is called ___________________________________.
o
As the ventricular diastole begins, the pressure in the ventricles
_______________ , causing the blood to flow back into the
_________________ which closes the ____________ valves.
HEART SOUNDS:
o
Heart sounds are caused by
_________________________________________.
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The act of listening to the heart sounds with the help of stethoscope is called
____________________.
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Each cardiac cycle produces _________ sounds, only the first _________ are
loud enough to be heard through the stethoscope.
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The first heart sound is called ___________________, and is caused by
________________________.
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The second heart sound is called ___________________, and is caused by
________________________.
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An abnormal heart sound is called ________________________________.
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
•
Define cardiac output?
_______________________________________________________
_.
•
Cardiac output is equal to _______________________ times
_________________________.
•
Define heart rate?
___________________________________________________________.
•
Define stroke volume?
__________________________________________________________.
•
Three factors that regulate stroke volume are ______________________,
_____________ and ____________________________.
•
Define Frank-Starling law of the heart
___________________________________________________.
•
Substance that increase contractility are called
___________________________ agents, e.g.
__________________________________.
•
Substance that decrease contractility are called
___________________________ agents, e.g.
__________________________________.
•
What is cardiac reserve?
________________________________________________________.
•
How is cardiac reserve affected by
exercising?_____________________________________________.
Regulation of Heart Rate:
o
Cardiovascular center in the ___________________ is the main control
center for controlling heart rate.
o
Receptors sending information to medulla oblongata include
__________________________________________________.
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Sympathetic impulses tend to _____________________ heart rate, whereas
parasympathetic impulses tend to __________________ heart rate.
DISORDERS
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________________________________ is a condition in which the heart
muscle does not receives the required amount of blood.
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_________________________ is the deposition of fatty substances,
especially cholesterol and triglycerides (neutral fats) in the walls of the
arteries.
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__________________________ is a defect that exists at birth.
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A congenital birth defect in which a segment of the aorta is too narrow,
thereby reducing the flow of blood to the body
______________________________.
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A condition characterized by the failure of ductus arteriosus to close after
birth ___________________________.
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An opening in the septum that allows oxygenated blood to mix with
deoxygenated blood ___________________.
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______________________ is an irregularity in heart rhythm resulting from a
defect in the conduction system of the heart.
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A condition characterized by slower than normal heart rate is called
____________________.
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A condition characterized by an abnormally high heart rate is called
____________________.
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A condition characterized by rapid, uncoordinated heart beats
___________________.
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______________________________ is a chronic or acute state that results
when the heart is not capable of supplying the oxygen demands of the body.