Download How are biomolecules made?

The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon is the most
versatile element
• Can form up to 4 bonds
at one time.
• Carbon may also form
bonds with other
Carbons allowing for
unlimited chain lengths
May form Single -, Double =,
or Triple ≡ bonds with other
Carbons
⤳Can even fold over forming
rings
All compounds can be classified into
2 broad categories:
 Organic compounds- Contain carbon and hydrogen
atoms
 Inorganic compounds- Can have one or the other, but
do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms
Most of your body’s molecules are
organic compounds.
How are biomolecules made?
Macromolecules are built from small organic
compounds the same way a railroad train is built, by
linking a lot of smaller units together into long
chains.

Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller
simpler molecules called monomers
(mono = one )
How are biomolecules made?

Monomers can bind to one another to form
complex molecules known as polymers
(poly = many)

A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which
can also bind forming large polymers called
Macromolecules.
(macro = large )
How are biomolecules made?
 Monomers link to form polymers
through a chemical reaction called a
condensation reaction or dehydration
synthesis. During the formation of
polymers, Water (H2O), is released or is a
by-product of the reaction.
How are biomolecules made?
 The breakdown of some complex
molecules, such as polymers, occurs
through a process known as hydrolysis.
 Hydrolysis is the reverse of a
condensation reaction. The addition of
water, to some polymers can break the
bonds that hold them together.
How are biomolecules made?
Monomers
Polymer
Types of Biomolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
There are four main types of
macromolecules found in living
organisms:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
A quick source of energy!!
What elements are carbs composed
of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen(O)
In a ratio of – C : H : O
1:2:1
Example: Glucose C6H12O6
6
1:2:1
For every 1 Carbon (C)
You will have
2 Hydrogens (H)
and
1 Oxygen (O).
Carbohydrate Monomers
(Building Blocks)
Monosaccharides: commonly found in
rings
Mono=one, Saccharide=sugar
 Monosaccharides are simple sugars
Examples:



Glucose: commonly found in blood of animals
Galactose: a simple sugar found in milk
Fructose: commonly found in fruit
Carbohydrate Monomers
(Building Blocks)
Glucose
Carbohydrate Polymers
Polysaccharides:
Poly=Many, Saccharide=sugar
 Polysaccharides are carbohydrates formed
from linking individual sugars together.
 They can be very large and complex, or
they can be small and made up of only two
monomers linked together.

These are called Disaccharides
Carbohydrate Polymers
Disaccharides:
Poly=Two, Saccharide=sugar
Disaccharides contain 2 monosaccharides
joined by dehydration synthesis.
Carbohydrate Polymers
Dissacharide Examples:
Sucrose:
Lactose:
•“Table Sugar”
•Found in Milk
•Made up of Galactose •Made up of
Fructose + Galactose
+ Glucose
Carbohydrate Polymers
Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide)
examples
Starch: a form of glucose in plants
(breads, pasta, potatoes)
Carbohydrate Polymers
Complex Carb (Larger polysaccharide)
examples
Cellulose: contained in the cell walls of
plants; gives strength and rigidity to plant
cells.
Carbohydrate
Polymers
Complex Carb (Larger
polysaccharide)
examples
Glycogen: a common storage form of glucose in
animals (stored in the muscles and liver to be
used as quick energy)
What elements are Lipids
composed of?
Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
Lots of Hydrogen!!!!!
Important Lipid Facts
Lipids are Fats, Oils and Waxes
 Lipids do not dissolve in water

Important Lipid Facts

Lipids usually serve one of three functions:

Energy storage
 When
carbs have been used up we use fatty
acids for energy.
Important Lipid Facts

Lipids usually serve one of three functions:

structural support in cell membranes
(phospholipids)
Important Lipid Facts

Lipids usually serve one of three functions:

Serve as messengers
 Steroids
are lipids that carry messages
through the bloodstream.
LipidLipids
Monomers?
do not have true monomers

Fatty acids are the building blocks (or
monomers) that make up most lipids.

Fatty acids are classified as either
saturated or unsaturated.
Lipid Monomers?
 How do you tell the difference?


Saturated fatty acids have NO DOUBLE BONDS!!
They have the maximum number of bonds possible, they
are full (of hydrogen).
 Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature,
and most come from animal products.
 Can you think of some examples?
Lipid Monomers?
 How do you tell the difference?

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bond(s) in the carbon
chain and are not full.
 Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, and
are usually referred to as oils.
 Can you think of some examples?
LipidA common
Polymers
lipid that contains fatty acids is a Triglyceride.


They are composed of a glycerol linked to three fatty acids (in
the shape of an “E”) by condensation reaction.
Store and transmit hereditary and
genetic information.
What elements are Nucleic Acids
composed of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),Oxygen(O),
Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P)
Nucleic Acid Monomers
(Building Blocks)
 Nucleotides are the building blocks (or monomers)
that make up most nucleic acids.
 Nucleotides consist of
sugar(pentose) + nitrogenous base + phosphate
Nucleic Acid Polymers
 Three main types of nucleic acids
1. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
Instructions which code for protein synthesis
Nucleic Acid Polymers
 Three main types of nucleic acids
2. RNA = Ribonucleic acid
Is the genetic information inside the nucleus of cells
Nucleic
Polymers
 Three main Acid
types of nucleic
acids
3.
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate
ATP has a slightly different structure than DNA and
RNA.
It contains a base + sugar + three phosphates
ATP is used
as energy
for the cell
•Construction materials for body parts
like bones, muscles and blood.
•Fight disease
•Regulate cell Processes
What elements are Proteins
composed of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),Oxygen(O),
and Nitrogen (N)
Protein Monomers
(Building Blocks)
 Amino acids are the building blocks that
make up most proteins
 There are 20 different kinds of amino acids that
humans use.
 Composed of :
An Amino Group ( -NH2)
&
A Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
Protein Monomers
(Building Blocks)
Protein Examples
 One important group of proteins
Enzymes
 Enzymes help control chemical reactions by acting
as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering
activation energy.
Special Proteins
 One important group of proteins
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
Catalyze: increase the
rates of
Special Proteins
 Enzymes help control chemical reactions by acting
as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering
activation energy.
Activation Energy: the minimum energy
required to start a chemical reaction.
Special Proteins
Enzymes
speed up the
rate of
reaction by
DECREASING
the
ACTIVATION
ENERGY
Enzymes increase the speed of
reactions that would otherwise
occur slowly.
Each enzyme
has a certain job
and does only
that job.
Enzymes are
special proteins
that build or
break down
materials inside
or outside the
cell.
How are Enzymes used in the
body???
DIGESTION
 during digestion,
intestinal cells produce
enzymes, which split the
food into small
molecules so they can be
absorbed into the blood
INFLAMMATION
 enzymes are produced by
neighboring cells, so that
the blood clotting process
can happen and to remove
destroyed tissue.
Enzymes and
Homeostasis
Temperature
 Temperatures above 40◦C
(104◦F) denature/destroy
enzymes.
pH
 Extremely high or low pH
values generally result in
complete loss of activity for
most enzymes.