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Renaissance/Reformation
Chapter 13
Renaissance
• Renaissance means – “Rebirth”
• It was a time of change in Politics, Social
Structure, Economics, and Culture.
• Changed from an agricultural society to an
Urban Society
• It was a study of Roman and Greek
cultures.
Renaissance Attitudes
• live life on earth fully
• develop individual talent
• public service and politics
Humanism
• an intellectual movement that studied
the ancient Greeks and Romans in an
effort to better understand their own times
• Spiritual  Secular
• Humanities- grammar, rhetoric, poetry, &
history
Reasons for Italian Renaissance
• Past greatness of Rome
• Money from trade and rising middle class
Major Cities
• Florence- richest Bankers and Merchants
• Patron- financial supporter
• (e.g. The Medici Family, Lorenzo in particular)
• Venice – Trade
• Milan – Textiles
Art
• Humanistic Reflection
– Combination of religious and secular
– Reflections of individualism and public service
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Perspective – depth added to art
Use of shading
New oil paints
Study of human anatomy
Leonardo da Vinci
“Renaissance Man”
-Anatomy, Engineering, Painting, Scuplture,
Botany, Optics, Music
Works: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
Michelangelo Buonarroti
• Most well-known, “the greatest”
• Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet
• Works:
– David, Pieta, Sistine Chapel
Raphael
• Mastered the use of PERSPECTIVE!!!!
• Known Work: School of Athens
Donatello
• Known for his use of Balance and
Proportion
• Taught Michelangelo
Literature
• Honoring the history of Rome and Greece
• Criticizing the Middle ages and current
government
• Baldassare Castiglione
– The Book of the Courtier
• How a member of a court should live!
• Niccolo Machiavelli
– The Prince
• How one should gain and maintain power
Printing Revolution
• Printing Press: Gutenberg
– first Book?? printed with movable type
– prior: Handwritten books
advantages:
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more books are published
higher supply of books leads to lower price
lower price allows more people to read
more communication of ideas results from more
reading
Art in N. Renaissance
• Flanders  France, Belgium, and
Netherlands
– Major area of Renaissance art
• Albrecht Drurer: studied in Italy
– German artist
– Applied ideas of art to engravings
• Engraving: etching
– Perfected by Drurer
Literature
• Vernacular: everyday language
• Desiderius Erasmus:
– The Praise of the Folly
– Greek Bible
• Sir Thomas More
– Utopia
• William Shakespeare
– Poet and playwright
– 37 plays still performed today
Reformation
• Spiritual Break-down of the Christian
Church
• Catalyzed by ideas of the Renaissance
and the invention of the Printing Press
• Led to the current Christian demographics
Church Abuses
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Pope as military commander?
Lavish lives of the Clergy
Marriage of the Clergy
Selling of Indulgences
– Indulgences: payment to get soul out of
purgatory
Early Revolts
• John Wycliffe used sermons and writings
to attack the church in 1300s
• Martin Luther
– Primary catalyst of the Reformation
– German Monk and Professor
– Writes the 95 Theses and nails to door in
Wittenberg
• Set off by Johann Tetzel selling indulgences and
promising entry to heaven
Results of the 95 Theses
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No intention of starting the Reformation
Printing Revolution lights a fire storm
Church asked Luther to recant, he refused
Luther urged people to reject the authority
of Rome
• Luther was excommunicated in 1521 by
Pope Leo X
Summoning
• Luther summoned to Diet of Worms by
Charles V
• Asked to recant a second time, refused
again
• Charles declared Luther an outlaw
Luther’s Teachings
• All have equal access to the Bible
– Schools est., vernacular translation
• Banned indulgences, confession,
pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
• Simplified the sermon
• Allowed clergy to marry
Why were Luther’s Teachings
supported by the Germans?
• Gain authority over the church
• Gain church property for selfish reasons
• National loyalty
– German money should stay in German lands
Peasant Revolt
• Peasants rise up for social and economic
equality
• Luther denounces and supports political
authority and social order
The Peace of Augsburg
• 1555
• Princes get the choice of religion
Swiss Reformation
• Ulrich Zwingli
– Priest in Zurich
– Stressed importance of bible, reject elaborate
rituals
• John Calvin
– Major contributor to the Reformation
– Published a book on how to set up and run a
church as well as his beliefs that should be
the basis of that church
John Calvin cont.
• Preached PREDESTINATION
– Everything is already decided
– Sinners/saints
• Geneva asks Calvin to lead the community
– Est. theocracy
– Harsh punishments for basic activities of
dancing, laughing in church, ect.
• Helped set off bloody wars
Religious Development
• Sect: religious groups
– variations of the teachings of Luther, Calvin,
and Zwingli
• Anabaptists: reject infantile baptism
– Today: Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish
English Reformation
• Henry VIII- king of England
• Henry + Catherine of Aragon = Mary
Tudor
• Anne Boleyn - served Catherine
• Annulment declined because Charles V
was the nephew of Catherine
Henry’s Take Over
• Act of Supremacy passed – King is head
of Church
– Many executed: Thomas More
– Canonized: recognized as a saint
• Henry merely changed the name of the
Church
• Thomas Cramer appointed to be bishop
of the new Church
The Tudors
• Died in 1547: 9yr old Edward VI took
throne
– Continued Protestantism
– Book of Common Prayer
• Mary Tudor ‘Bloody Mary’ took over
– Tried returning to Catholicism
– Was killed in protest
• Elizabeth slowly returns to Protestantism
– Compromise: acceptable middle ground
Catholics
Elizabethan
Comprimise
-Hierarchy of
Catholicism
-Monarch can make
changes
-Restored Book of
Common Prayer
-English instead of
Latin
-Protestant Doctrine
Protestants
The Catholic Reformation
• Reformation or Counter-Reformation?
• Council of Trent- est. schools, end
corruption, faith and works = salvation,
Bible is not the only source of religious
truth
– Reaffirmed the inquisition
– Index of Forbidden Books
People of the Catholic Reformation
• Ignatius of Loyola – Spanish knight
– Society of Jesus – Jesuits
– Missionaries, schools, strict discipline to the church
• Teresa of Avila – entered convent very young
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Not strict enough
Set up own order
Life of isolation, eating and sleeping very little
Canonized by the church
Widespread Persecution
• Witch hunts
• Jews forced to live in ghettoes
• Jews were forced to move and temples
were burned