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The Protestant Reformation Causes 1. Church is interested in $ 2. Popes acting as political leaders – 3. Priestly misconduct – 4. Northern Humanists - Martin Luther • 1483-1546 • German monk who criticized the Catholic Church for losing sight of it’s spiritual mission • 95 Theses • Challenged indulgences • Salvation through the grace of God Break with the Church Bible as the sole authority Simple interpretation of the bible Ceremony could not make up for sin 1521 Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him from the Catholic Church • Diet of Worms – Luther refused to recant; no scriptural basis • • • • The Spread of the Printing Press The Peasant Revolt - 1525 • In reaction to Luther’s ideas and societal demands. • Lead by Thomas Müntzer (the professor) Spread of Protestantism • • • • • Effects of the Printing Press Luther’s reaction to the Peasant Revolt German Princes at Augsburg 1531 Schmalkaldic League (1531) & War 1546-55 Peace at Augsburg 1555 – German rulers can choose religion The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c “Why the Germanies?” The Spread of Lutheranism The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists The Radical Reformation Anabaptist • Religious beliefs • Complete separation of Church and State • Munster, Germany – John Leiden • Menno Simons England’s Reformation England’s Reformation • • • • • Political not religious King Henry & Catherine of Aragon Pope Clement VI dependent upon H.R.E. Anne Boleyn Cardinal Wolsey – Thomas Cranmer & Thomas Cromwell • Creation of the Anglican Church King Henry’s Successors Calvin’s World in the 16c Calvinism • Takes over after the death of Huldrych Zwingli – Genevea, Switzerland • The Institute of Christian Religion • Major Beliefs – Omniscient – all knowing – Predestination – the Elect • The Consistory Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c) The Huguenots • Nobility conversion in France • Threat to National Unity • 1562 Bloody Civil War • 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • 1598 Edict of Nantes – King Henry IV (France) St Bartholomew’s Massacre Reformation Europe (Late 16c)
