Download Reproduction Review

Mr. Storie
10F Science
Reproduction Unit Review
Reproduction Review
YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ALL THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
CHROMOSOME GENE DNA TRAIT HEREDITY INTERPHASE MITOSIS CYTOKINESIS
ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION CELL CYCLE GENETIC DIVERSITY GAMETE DIPLOID
HAPLOID HOMOLOGOUS PAIR MEIOSIS HORMONE TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE (ALL MALE PARTS) (ALL FEMALE PARTS) OVULATION
MENSTRUAL CYCLE FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE EMBRYO FETUS ALLELE DOMINANT
RECESSIVE GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE HETEROZYGOUS HOMOZYGOUS
PUNNETT SQUARE ADAPTATION NATURAL SELECTION MUTATION MUTAGEN
CANCER CARCINOGEN
B1 – ESSENTIAL OUTCOMES (40% + exam)
S1-1-13: How are the terms DNA, chromosome, genes, and trait connected?
1.
The chromosomes are made of what material? DNA
2.
What shape is this material when unpackaged? DOUBLE HELIX
3.
Chromosomes code for GENETIC information.
4.
Inheritance of every trait is controlled by a section of the chromosome called a GENE.
5.
We get 23 chromosomes from our mother and 23 from our father.
6.
HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes, one from mother, one from father, can be paired because they contain
versions of the same genes.
7.
There are 46 chromosomes in a human, of which ONE pair(s) is/are sex chromosomes.
8.
These are called X and Y
9.
Females have XX sex chromosomes and males have XY sex chromosomes.
S1-1-02: Why do cells divide and how does it work?
10. CELL DIVISION:
a) Chromosomes duplicate during this part of the cell cycle? INTERPHASE
b) Mitosis consists of these phases? PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
c) Another name for mitosis is ASEXUAL reproduction
d) How many chromosomes does a normal parent cell have in mitosis? 46
e) Duplicated chromosomes, represented together in diagrams as an “X” are called SISTER CHROMATIDS
f) In the first phase of mitosis, PROPHASE what happens to the chromosomes? CONDENSE (VISIBLE)
g) In metaphase, do chromosomes line up in homologous pairs or as single chromosomes? SINGLE (X)
Mr. Storie
10F Science
Reproduction Unit Review
h) In the last step of mitosis, CYTOKINESIS how many chromosomes are present in each cell? 46
i) How many cells are produced by mitosis? 2
j) What is a “somatic cell?” BODY CELLS
k) Describe the final outcome of mitosis? 2-IDENTICAL DIPLOID DAUGTHER CELLS
l) What is the function(s) of mitosis? MAKE IDENTICAL CELLS FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR
S1-1-07: What role do gametes play in reproduction?
11. MEIOSIS:
a) Meiosis is the beginning of a larger process called SEXUAL reproduction
b) How many chromosomes does a normal parent cell have in meiosis? 46
c) The two stages of meiosis are the REDUCTION stage and DIVISION stage.
d) During the first stage of meiosis, what happens to the number of chromosomes? REDUCED IN HALF
e) In the first stage, do chromosomes line up in homologous pairs or as single chromosomes? PAIRS (X X)
f) After the second stage of meiosis, how many chromosomes are present? 23
g) What is a “gamete?” THE FINAL CELLS MADE THROUGH MEIOSIS
h) What type of cell is produced by meiosis in males? Females? SPERM AND EGG (OVA)
i) Describe the final outcome of meiosis? 4 DIFFERENT HAPLOID GAMETES
j) What is the function of meiosis? MAKE HAPLOID CELLS TO JOIN WITH ANOTHER IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
12. Draw a picture (use interphase, metaphase, cytokinesis) to summarize events of Meiosis and Mitosis:
mitosis
I
I
meiosis
I
I
interphase
I
I
X
X
metaphase
X X
I
I
cytokinesis
X
X
I
I
I
I
Mr. Storie
10F Science
13. A mosquito has 3 pairs of chromosomes.
Reproduction Unit Review
a) If a body cell from a mosquito divides, what is this type of cell division called? Mitosis
b) How many chromosomes will the new body cells have? 3 pairs
c) If a mosquito produces sperm cells, what is this type of cell division called? Meiosis
d) How many chromosomes will the sperm cells have? 3
e) If sperm from a male mosquito fertilizes an egg from a female mosquito, how many chromosomes will
the new zygote have? 3 pairs
14. Complete the table, using as many entries as you can find in your notes or the text:
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Asexual
Don’t need a mate
All are identical, so one disease or one
change in environment could wipe out all
No need for parents
Sexual
Young are as well adapted as parent
No parent to help young
Parent to help raise young
Need to find a mate
Variety! Young may be better than parent
Sometimes have to raise young
Variety! Less sensitive to disease or changes
in environment
Sometimes never find a mate
Huge energy cost to find a mate
Young start out weak
S1-1-09: What parts make up the male and female sex systems and what is the function of each part?
15. What are the functions of these structures in human females:
a) Ovary: Produces eggs and female hormones – estrogen and progesterone.
b) Uterus: Organ which houses the developing fetus in the inner lining called the endometrium.
c) Fallopian tube: Tube that connects the ovary to the uterus, where fertilization happens.
d) Vagina: Tube that meets the cervix, path for baby and menstruation.
Mr. Storie
10F Science
16. What are the functions of these structures in human males:
Reproduction Unit Review
a) Testis: Produces sperm (spermatogenesis) and male hormones – testosterone
b) Prostate: Provides fluid and nourishment for the sperm – semen (with Cowper’s and Seminal vesicle)
c) Vas deferens: Tube that connects epididymis to urethra, joins to urethra under the bladder
d) Epididymis: Connected above testes, where sperm are stored as they mature.
17. Label this diagram of the human female reproductive system.
a) Bladder
b) Cervix
c) Vagina
d) Labia minora
e) Labia majora
f) Clitoris
g) Urethra
h) Uterus
i) Ovary
j) Fallopian tube (oviduct)
18.
Label this diagram of the human male reproductive system.
a) Scrotum
b) Testis
c) Epididymus
d) Bulbourethral gland
e) Prostate gland
f)
Seminal vesicle
g) Bladder
h) Vas deferens
i)
Urethra
j)
Glans
k) Prepuce (foreskin)
Mr. Storie
10F Science
19. What are hormones? And which ones are important in reproduction?
Reproduction Unit Review
HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS SENT FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY TO COMMUNICATE
WITH ANOTHER PART.
TESTOSTERONE AND ESTROGEN ARE THE MALE/FEMALE SEX HORMONES THAT ARE RELEASED BY THE
GONADS AT PUBERTY WHICH START THE PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN MALES, AND THE
MENTRUAL CYCLE IN FEMALES – THE ARE ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS.
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN THE MAINTANANCE OF THE ENDOMETRIUAL
LINING OF THE UTERUS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE.
B2 – EXTENTION OUTCOMES (70% + exam)
S1-1-10: How does a fertilized egg turn into a baby and what determines the gender?
20. How is ovulation and menstruation controlled by hormones?
OVULATION IS CONTROLLED BY HOROMES RELEASED BY THE BRAIN. OVULATION OCCURS IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE MENTRUAL CYCLE. IF THE EGG IS NOT FERTILIZED, ALL BRAIN HORMONES AND FEMALE
SEX HORMONES (ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE) DECREASE WHICH CAUSES THE ENDOMETRIUM TO
BREAK APART AND BE SHED (PERIOD).
21. Define these terms:
a) Zygote Fertilized egg
b) Fetus Unborn infant in the later stages of development – after week 9 (has bone)
c) Embryo zygote that has implanted into the endometrium – upto week 8
d) Fertilization the meeting of sperm and egg (gametes) in the oviduct in humans
S1-1-12: How are the features of the parents inherited to create unique offspring?
22. Explain the difference between heterozygous and homozygous (using the word allele):
Homozygous means the individual has two identical alleles for a specific gene trait as their genotype;
An individual can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive.
Heterozygous means the individual has two different alleles for a specific gene trait as their genotype.
One dominant and one recessive allele.
Mr. Storie
10F Science
Reproduction Unit Review
23. There are many versions of each gene, these are called ALLELES. One is the DOMINANT allele and the
other is the RECESSIVE allele.
24. This means that the person will show the DOMINANT trait, even if they have both types of alleles.
25. The word PHENOTYPE describes how a person looks as a result of the genes they carry.
26. There are thousands and thousands of genes. Some of these are located on the sex chromosomes. These
are called SEX-LINKED genes.
27. The traits for these genes are seldom expressed in FEMALES because they have TWO X allele(s), but are
usually seen in MALES because they only have ONE X allele(s).
28. Create a Punnett square for the mating of a female with heterozygous genes for narrow nose and a male
with a wide nose. (Narrow is dominant.)
N
n
n Nn nn
n Nn nn
a) What are the phenotypes for the offspring in the above Punnett square? 50% narrow 50% wide
b) What is the ratio of the genotypes? 50% Nn 50% nn
29. Jim and Cathy have detached earlobes, but two of their five kids have attached earlobes. Detached
earlobes are dominant over attached.
a) Is it possible that he is the father of the children? Yes
b) Prove your answer by showing the possible genotypes of Jim and Cathy. Both are Ee (heterozygous)
c) What are the odds that they would have a child with attached earlobes? (Hint: you can use a Punnett
square.) 25%
E
e
E EE Ee
e Ee ee
Mr. Storie
10F Science
Reproduction Unit Review
30. Dark hair is dominant over light hair colour. A person who is homozygous for dark hair marries a lighthaired person. What are the odds of the children having light hair? Prove your answer with a Punnett
square.
0%
D
D
d Dd Dd
d Dd Dd
S1-1-08: What are some ways plants and animals improve their chances to reproduce?
31. Describe how sexual reproduction leads to natural selection and the formation of adaptations. (Be
sure to explain each term in your answer).
Sexual reproduction is the joining of two gametes to produce a unique offspring. Because each offspring is
different, some may have a trait that gives them a survival advantage (lighter colour, bigger teeth etc.).
Natural Selection is when this advantage gives the offspring a better chance of surviving their environment.
A genetic advantage or trait that allows an organism to survive is called an adaptation. Positive adaptations
lead to survival which leads to sexual reproduction which passes that trait to the next generation to be
improved on.
S1-1-15: How can lifestyle choices affect your genetics and development?
32. Explain the difference between the terms carcinogen and a mutagen? Provide an example of each.
A mutagen is any environmental factor that can cause a mutation – pesticides. A carcinogen is a specific
type of mutagen that causes cancer - smoking.
33. What is cancer?
A mutation in the cell division genes, which when altered causes uncontrolled cell growth and division
resulting in a tumour.
Mr. Storie
10F Science
B3 – EXPLORATION OUTCOMES (80% + exam)
Reproduction Unit Review
S1-1-14: What is a pedigree and how is it used to track the inheritance of a trait?
34. This pedigree tracks the heredity of a recessive (n) autosomal trait – “Nasty Toe.” Number the individuals,
and make a KEY that shows the sex of each individual (M/F) and your prediction of the genotype for each
individual.
1
2
1. M - nn
2. F - Nn
3. F - Nn
4. M - Nn
5. F - Nn
6. M - Nn
7. M – N?
7
8
9
Fig 1: Pedigree of “Nasty Toe” heredity in Family X
8. M – N?
9. M - nn
S1-1-03: What are some specific types of asexual reproduction that occur in plant and animals species?
35. Illustrate (draw) three methods of asexual reproduction used in animals or plants.
Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Vegetative propagation