Download Biology Evolution Review Sheeet 1. Differentiate between artificial

Biology
Evolution Review Sheeet
1. Differentiate between artificial and natural selection. In natural selection, the environment
determines which characteristics or behaviors and organism needs to survive. This is an inherited
trait that is either present in the organism, or it isn’t. It can’t be obtained. In artificial selection,
something other than the environment (usually humans) select in organisms (usually plants or
animals) which traits are desirable, and mate two organisms for a specific desired result.
2.
What was Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis, and how was it different from Darwin’s? That
body structures change through use or disuse according to an organism’s actions. This acquired traits
could then be passed along to their offspring, if they were favorable in their environment. This was
referred to as Acquired Inheritance
3.
Identify the 5 general statements that sum up Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Organisms produce more offspring than will survive.
Natural variations in characteristics will occur in all populations and mutations may
occur.
Some variations will prove to be more advantageous for survival of an organism
The traits deemed more “fit” to an environment will survive and be passed on to
offspring.
Given time, and the accumulation of enough changes in characteristics, new
4.
What do we mean by “fitness” when discussing natural selection? Any characteristic or
behavior that allows an organism to survive in an environment, and selective pass its genes along to
offspring
5.
What characteristic of the Galapagos finches most interested Darwin? Their beaks; he believed
these variations occurred as the finches competed for food
6.
What are fossils? Keeping in mind the biological concept of species, Is it possible to determine
evolutionary relationships from a fossil? Explain. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of ancient
organisms
7.
Evaluate this statement: When there is a drastic change in an environment, organisms that are
able to change their characteristics to suit it will be selected for survival. This statement is FALSE. When
an environment changes, particularly in a drastic way, organisms can’t just decide how they must
change in order to survive the new situation (at least not physically. New behaviors may be adaptive,
but an organism can’t simply to “decide” to grow longer legs, or thicker fur).
8.
What is biogeography? The study of where organisms live, and where they and their ancestors
lived in the past
9.
If an allele makes up one-half of the frequency of a population’s allele for a given trait, what is
the allele frequency? 50 percent (or 0.50)
10.
Differentiate between homologous and analogous structures. Give an example of each.
Homologous structures are those that develop from the same tissue in the developing embryo,
whether or not the mature forms resemble each other (they usually don’t look a lot alike). The
human arm and the wing of a bird would be an example. These appendages do very different things,
but the bones are similar and develop from the same layer in the embryo.
Analogous structures may appear similar and create false evidence of an evolutionary relationship
that is not as close at it might appear. These structure may appear similar, may even perform the
same function, but that is because the trait was fit for survival in a particular environment and thus,
selected for in many different, unrelated species. A good example is the elongated body structure and
large dorsal fins seen in both sharks (a fish) and dolphins (a mammal). The common ancestor
between these two organisms is very distant, and dolphins are actually more closely related to
humans than to sharks. Hox genes control embryological development, and are more similar among
mammal species than between mammals and fish.
11.
Natural selection acts directly on _________phenotype________________.
12.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle can only be applied to populations that ___are in genetic
equilibrium and not being acted upon by any mechanisms of evolution___.
13.
A single-gene trait that has two alleles will have how man phenotypes (assume simple
dominant-recessive patterns). Two
14.
What is one similarity between natural selection and genetic drift? They both involve a change
in a population’s allele frequency
15.
What is temporal isolation? Organisms living in the same habitat that, though they might be
capable of producing fertile offspring, breed at different times of the year
16.
How are duplicate genes produced? Crossing over during meiosis
17.
What is a mutation? A change in the genetic material of a cell.
18.
What are the 3 patterns of biodiversity did Darwin notice during his travels? They vary locally,
they vary globally, and they vary over time
19.
Differentiate between “allele frequency” and “gene pool.” Gene pool is the entire set of traits
in a population, while allele frequency refers to how often a single allele for a specific trait appears in
a population
20.
Who were the two geologists who studied changes in the Earth? How old did they think Earth
was? James Hutton and Charles Lyell. Lyell was also the Captain of the HMS Beagle, which took
Darwin on his tour
21.
What do scientists use a molecular clock for? What is a molecular clock? Molecular clocks are
segments of DNA that are changed throughout the passage of time. This can be done through
duplication of genes, then recombination in natural crossings-over during meiosis or mutation. When
DNA sequences of different organisms are compared, such as the DNA used to dictate the synthesis of
hemoglobin, scientists are looking for differences in the hemoglobin. The greater the number of
differences, the further back in history the two organisms shared a common ancestor