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Transcript
Name: ____________________________________ Project RECEIVED: _________________________ Project DUE: _______________________________ Project is worth ________________ total points Our third quarter project will be based on the concepts of Meiosis and Genetics. During this project we will specifically look at the effect of genes on the outward appearance of an organism. After this project, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype? Do some traits require more than one gene to be fully expressed? How is there so much variation in the way children look even if they come from the same parents? How many chromosome pairs does each human parent have? How many chromosomes does each parent "donate" to the next generation? Are some genes and gene characteristics expressed over others.... are dominant and recessive genes responsible for how a baby looks? Project Procedure: Check Here After completing each step ______ Use the key to analyze your genes on each chromosome . While doing this, you will need to analyze your parents traits (to determine if you are homozygous or heterozygous for a particular trait). Note: If you live with 1 parent, are adopted, etc., you may assume your parents’ genotypes are heterozygous (if you want to prove that your mom/dad is homozygous dominant (RR rather than Rr), you must investigate your grandparents also (no, I will not be giving extra credit for grandparents’ genetic make-up). Complete the Phenotype and Genotype trait analysis for yourself and your parents. ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Pick a spouse and analyze their traits Complete Punnett squares to predict your offspring’s potential traits. Complete Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratio for your potential child (you and your spouse are the parents) Make chromosomes for you and for your spouse Have your baby; and write your baby’s alleles on a Karyotype (page 15). Determine the genotype and phenotype of your offspring, write them actual genotype and phenotype columns on page 16. Draw your offspring or use pictures to make him/her and INCLUDE A KEY for at least 10 traits. Type the answers to questions on the process of heredity. 1 Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #1 Round Square Chromosome #2 Face Shape Chin Prominence A round face is dominant over a square face A prominent jaw (you can feel the bone) is dominant over a less prominent jaw. RR, Rr rr Chromosome 1: Face Shape Round/Square Round/Square Round/Square Chromosome #3 Chin Shape A round chin is dominant over a square chin (if your chin is pointed at all, it is square) RR, Rr, rr RR, Rr, rr RR, Rr, rr Round Me Spouse Square SS, Ss Less Prominent II, Ii ii Chromosome 2: Chin Prominence Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Very/Less II, Ii, ii Dad Very/Less II, Ii, ii Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Round/Square RR, Rr, rr Dad Me Spouse Very Prominent ss Very/Less Very/Less II, Ii, ii II, Ii, ii Chromosome #4 Present Absent Chin Cleft A chin cleft is dominant over a smooth chin. If your chin sweeps upward in the middle, you have a cleft. CC, Cc cc Chromosome 3: Face Shape Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Round/Square SS, Ss, ss Dad Round/Square SS, Ss, ss Chromosome 4: Chin Cleft Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc Dad Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc Me Spouse Me Spouse Round/Square Round/Square Chromosome #5 Mid-digital hair Hair on the second (middle) joint of the fingers is dominant to hairless fingers. SS, Ss, ss SS, Ss, ss HAIR Hair NN, Nn NO HAIR No Hair nn 2 Present/Absent Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc CC, Cc, cc Chromosome 5: Mid-digital hair Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #6 Rounded Pointed Chromosome 6: Nose Shape Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Nose Shape A rounded nose is dominant over a pointed nose. UU, Uu Chromosome #7 LEFT uu RIGHT Chromosome #8 HAND CLASPING When clasping your hands together (without thinking about it!), left thumb on top of their right is dominant over right thumb. Thin Lip Size Thick lips are dominant over thin lips. QQ, Qq qq JJ, Jj Chromosome 7: Hand Clasping Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Chromosome #9 Thick Lobed jj Chromosome 8: Lip Size Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Attached Ear Attachment Chromosome #10 Hairy Hairless Ear Hair Lobed ears are dominant to attached ears. Hairy ears are dominant over hairless ears. ZZ, Zz zz DD, Dd dd Chromosome 9: Ear Attachment Chromosome 10: Ear Hair Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Me Spouse 3 Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #11 Present Absent Chromosome #12 Dimple Presence Eyelashes The presence of dimples are dominant over not having dimples. Thick eyelashes are dominant over thin eyelashes. KK, Kk kk Thick MM,Mm Chromosome 11: Dimple Presence Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Thin mm Chromosome 12: Eyelashes Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Mom Dad Me Spouse Dad Me Spouse Chromosome #13 BENT STRAIGHT Chromosome #14 BENT LITTLE FINGER Little fingers that bend dramatically towards the 4th finger are dominant to straight little fingers. LL, Ll ll VV, Vv Chromosome 13: Bent little finger Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Round vv Chromosome 14: Eye Shape Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Chromosome #15 Almond Eye Shape Almond shaped eyes are dominant over round eyes. Dad Me Spouse STRAIGHT HH THUMB Chromosome 15: Hitch-hiker’s thumb Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: HITCHHIKER’S THUMB A straight thumb is dominant to hitchhiker’s thumb. OO, Oo Mom Dad Me Spouse oo 4 Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Chromosome #17 Separate Thin Eyebrow Type Thick eyebrows are dominant over thin eyebrows. TT, Tt Connected Eyebrow Spacing Separate eyebrows are dominant over connected eyebrows Chromosome #18 tt LONG SHORT LONG SECOND TOE EE, Ee A second toe that is longer than the big toe is dominant over a shorter 2nd toe. ee Chromosome 17: Eyebrow spacing Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Chromosome #19 Thick Chromosome #16 Chromosome 16: Eyebrow type Present WW, Ww ww Chromosome 18: Long Second Toe Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Absent Chromosome #20 Widow’s Peak Present Absent Cheek Freckles A widow’s peak is dominant over an absent widow’s peak. PP, Pp Freckles on cheeks are dominant over no freckles on cheeks. pp BB, Bb bb Chromosome 19: Widow’s peak Chromosome 20: Cheek Freckles Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Phenotype: Mom Mom Dad Me Spouse Dad Me Spouse 5 Genotype: Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the fu ll story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #21 Curl Can’t Curl Chromosome #23 Tongue Roll Gender The ability to curl your tongue is dominant to inability. XX = Female XY = Male FF, Ff ff Chromosome #22 Information for this chromosome is part of the hair color trait. Chromosome 21: Tongue Roll Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Chromosome 23: Gender Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Mom Dad Me Spouse Female Male XX XY POLYGENIC TRAITS Poly = many, genic = genes Genetics is quite complicated and most traits are actually controlled by more than one gene. In 7th grade, we are not required to talk about concepts such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and polygenic traits, but they are pretty interesting. All traits that involve color and pigment are polygenic and quite complicated. However, we thought you would want to estimate the skin, hair, and eye color of your child. So, you are welcome to use this information, but you will not be tested on it. If you were unable to use the chart in class, use the science 7 website to see the color pictures to determine your polygenic genotype. Chromosome #3, 6, 8, 22 Hair Color The alleles for hair color are found on many chromosomes. Therefore, hair color is said to be polygenic (many genes). The alleles for hair color represent the amount of pigment that is incorporated into the hair as it grows. The greater the number of dominant alleles, the darker the hair. Alleles appear on chromosomes 3,6,8, and 22 in groups of 2. Chromosomes 3,6,8,22: Hair color Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the fu ll story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #1, 2, 4 Skin Color The alleles for skin color are found on many different chromosomes. Therefore, skin color is said to be polygenic (many genes). The dominant allele (A) translates into a protein called melanin. This is a dark pigment. Greater amounts of melanin = darker skin colors. http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/ R1/R9.full.pdf+html http:// www.as.ua.edu/ ant/bindon/ ant570/topics/ Skincolor.PDF Alleles appear on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 in groups of 2. Chromosomes 1, 2, 4: Skin color Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse Chromosome #11, 12 Eye Color The alleles for eye color are found on many different chromosomes. Therefore, eye color is said to be polygenic (many genes). Eye color is controlled by two sets of alleles. One pair of alleles (F) control the amount of pigment in the front of the iris. The other pair of alleles (B) control the amount of pigment in the back of the iris. The dominant alleles “F” and “B” represent dark pigment. Alleles appear on chromosomes 11 and 12 in groups of two. HOW COMPLICATED DOES IT GET? http://openwetware.org/images/7/79/Eyecolor1.pdf **Eye color comes from a combination of two black and yellow pigments called melanin in the iris of your eye. If you have no melanin in the front part of your iris, you have blue eyes. An increasing proportion of the yellow melanin, in combination with the black melanin, results in shades of colors between brown and blue, including green and hazel. ** http:// www.thetech.org/ genetics/ask.php? id=29 Chromosomes 11, 12: Eye color Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype Phenotype: Genotype: Mom Dad Me Spouse 7 HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHh HHHHHHhh BG BG Bg bG Bg BBGG BBGg BbGG BbGg HHHHHhhh HHHHhhhh Bg BBGg BBgg BbGg Bbgg bG BbGG BbGg bbGG bbGg HHHhhhhh HHhhhhhh Hhhhhhhh bg BbGg Bbgg bbGg bbgg hhhhhhhh Red = special aaaaaa Aaaaaa AAaaaa 8 AAAaaa AAAAaa AAAAAa AAAAAA Chromosome #1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr) Chromosome #2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii) Me: ______ x Spouse ______ Me: ______ x Spouse ______ Note: By completing Punnett Squares, you are able to determine the probability (likelihood) that your offspring will receive certain versions of each trait. To complete these pages, refer to the traits analysis. You will not be performing Punnett Squares for the polygenic traits (hair color, skin color, eye color). ______ Chromosome #3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss) Me: _______ x Spouse _______ Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: ___________________ ___________________ Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: ___________________ ___________________ What is the percent chance your child will have a round face? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have a prominent chin? _____________ Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: ______________ ___________________ What is the percent chance your child will have a round chin? _____________ Chromosome #4 Chin Cleft (CC, Cc, cc) Chromosome #5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn) Chromosome #6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu) Chromosome #7 Hand clasping (QQ, Qq, qq) Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ What is the percent chance your child will have a cleft? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have mid-digital hair? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have a round nose? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will clasp right over left? _____________ 9 Chromosome #8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj) Chromosome #9 Ear Attachment (ZZ, Zz, zz) Chromosome #10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd) Chromosome #11 Dimples (KK, Kk, kk) Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ What is the percent chance your child will have thin lips? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have attached ears? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have hairless ears? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have no dimples? _____________ Chromosome #12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm) Chromosome #13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll) Chromosome #14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv) Chromosome #15 Hitchhiker’s thumb (OO, Oo, oo) Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ What is the percent chance your child will have thin eyelashes? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have a straight little finger? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have a round eyes? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have a HH thumb? _____________ 10 Chromosome #16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt) Chromosome #17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee) Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Chromosome #18 Long 2nd Toe (WW, Ww, ww) Me: _______ x Spouse _______ Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: ___________________ ___________________ Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: ___________________ ___________________ What is the percent chance your child will have thin eyebrows? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have a connected eyebrows? _____________ Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: ______________ ___________________ What is the percent chance your child will have a short second toe? _____________ Chromosome #19 Widow’s Peak (PP, Pp, pp) Chromosome #20 Cheek Freckles (BB, Bb, bb) Chromosome #21 Tongue Roll (GG, Gg, gg) Chromosome #23 GENDER Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Me: ____ x Spouse ______ Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ What is the percent chance your child will have a widow’s peak? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will have no cheek freckles? _____________ What is the percent chance your child will be able to curl his/her tongue? ___________ What is the percent chance your child will be a boy? _____________ 11 a girl? _____________ Polygenic– Skin BONUS: You can use FOIL (like in algebra) to start helping you find all the possible combinations of genes. Your Punnett Square will have up to 64 squares in it!!! Polygenic—Eye Color Mom: ______ x Dad ______ Mom: ________________ x Dad ________________ 12 HELPFUL HINT: The polygenic traits are spread out on a bunch of chromosomes, but you need to put them back together to figure out what the phenotypes are. Instead of writing them twice, just put the eye color (B’s and G’s from 11 and 12), skin color (A’s from 1,2, and 4), and hair color (H’s from 3,6,8, and 22) on the bottom under polygenic). Chromosome Number Traits 1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr) 2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii) 3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss) 4 Chin Cleft (CC. Cc, cc) 5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn) 6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu) 7 Hand-clasping (QQ, Qq, qq) 8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj) 9 Ear Lobe Attachment (ZZ. Zz. zz) 10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd) 11 Dimple Presence (KK, Kk, kk) 12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm) 13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll) 14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv) 15 Hitchhiker’s Thumb (OO, Oo, oo) 16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt) 17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee) 18 Long Second Toe (WW, Ww, ww) 19 Widow’s Peak (PP, Pp, pp) 20 Cheek Freckle Presence (BB, Bb, bb) 21 Tongue Roll (FF, Ff, ff) 22 Part of polygenics 23 Gender (XX, or XY) POLYGENIC Hair Color (H) POLYGENIC Skin Color (A) POLYGENIC Eye Color (B and G) 16 ACTUAL Genotype ACTUAL Phenotype Part of polygenics Part of polygenics Please type answers in complete sentences! Total Points: 60 Rewrite the following sentence and sign it. My Genetics project is due ___________________. I understand that the following activity is a DRAFT to help me complete my answers to the analysis questions. Once I finish this draft, I will type (or write*) my answers and turn in a formal report. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ *writing the answers requires teacher’s permission. Teacher will initial here: ______________ 1. In your project, find an example where you were dominant for a trait. That trait was ___________________________. 2. Why was it hard to figure out whether you were homozygous dominant (2 big letters) or heterozygous (1 big letter, 1 little letter) for the trait in question #1? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does the recessive trait do when your genotype is heterozygous (mixed—1 big and 1 little)? _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Find an example in your project where the child is recessive (2 little letters) and the parents both show at least one dominant trait. That trait was ___________________________. 5. How is it possible to have the situation from question #4? (to display recessive traits when one parent has a dominant trait)? HINT: look at question #3 and think about a punnett square if you cross Bb with Bb. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. After you made your chromosomes, you had your baby and wrote down your alleles (letters) on a blue or orange piece of paper, making a karyotype. Look at that piece of paper. What is a karyotyping test? ________________________________________________________ 7. What is one abnormal result (disease) that this test can help diagnose (tell you what disease you have)? ___________________________________________________________________ 17 8. If you use the same chromosomes and have a second child, will all the letters land the same way as your first child? __________________. Based on that information, will the 2nd child look the same? _______________________________________________________________ Why or why not (hint: use the word probability)? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. In some cases, offspring do not look like their mother nor their father. How might this occur (explain in terms of genetics)? Give an example of a time that this occurred in your project! ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Each person in our class completed this project. Do any offspring look exactly alike? _______________ What might cause these differences (variation) in offspring (kids)? 11. Think back to the difference between an inherited trait and an environmental trait (you may use your notes packet). List 2 inherited traits from your project. _______________, _____________. 12. List 2 possible environmental traits your child might have: _______________, _____________. 13. You drew a final picture of your offspring at the age of 13, how might environmental factors affect how your offspring could look by that age? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Although you have two alleles for each trait you only pass on one allele to your offspring. How does this occur mitosis or meiosis? _________________ How does your offspring receive the two necessary alleles for each trait? ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 18 HELPFUL HINT: Your child should be drawn as if he/she is age 12 or 13. You MUST include a key that indicates which 10 traits you are including in your drawing (you may certainly include more than 10, but no less!. Project Grading Information: ______ Complete the Traits Analysis for parents myself, and my spouse = ___50____ points ______ Complete Punnett squares to predict your offspring’s potential traits. Complete the Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios and answer the percentage questions = _____75__ points ______ Make chromosomes for you and for your spouse = _____25____ points ______ Determine the traits that your offspring will have and write your chromosomes on a Karyotype page = ____25___ points ______ Determine the actual genotype and phenotype of your offspring by writing that information on the actual genotype and phenotype page = ____25___ points ______ Draw your offspring or use pictures to make him/her = ____50___ points _____ 10 points – attempt to draw your child as a 12-13 year old boy or girl _____ 10 points – 10 traits are picked (any 10) and listed on a key _____ 30 points – the 10 traits you picked are clearly shown (or labeled) on your drawing – 3 points per trait. ______ ______ Type your answers to the questions on the process of heredity (____50__ points) TOTAL POINTS: 300 = 100% PROJECT DUE DATE:________________________