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MODULE 10: Nucleic Acids, Lectures 20-22 Quadrant – 2 Animations: Exploring Life's Origins: Nucleic Acids exploringorigins.org/nucleicacids.html ... important role in the formation of components of nucleic acids, including the sugar ribose . This animation is based on research done by James Ferris' lab at ... Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids: ATP, RNA & DNA - Science Prof Online www.scienceprofonline.com/.../nucleotides-nucleic-acids-atp-rna-dna.ht... What Are Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids? DNA Chemical Structure Illustration. Animated Chemical Structure of DNA. Nucleotide Structure: Purines & Pyrimidines. Animation Quiz - DNA Structure - McGraw-Hill Higher Education highered.mcgraw-hill.com › Home › Chapter 2 Animation Quiz - DNA Structure (See related pages). View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept. DNA structure www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html Amino Acids and Protein. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) forms chains of genetic. Cell Function Overview. material organized into chromosomes. Cell Anatomy. What Are Nucleic Acids - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and ...► 7:59► 7:59 www.dnatube.com/video/.../What-Are-Nucleic-Acids This video will help you to understand the nucleic acids in detail. Here is a brief explanation of the RNA and ... DNA and RNA: structural comparison - DnaTube.com - Scientific ...► 4:26► 4:26 www.dnatube.com/.../DNA-and-RNA-structural-co... Edited by Ashraf. (less). Channels: Scientific Animations Genetics Tags: DNA RNA .... Structural relationship ... Biochemistry: Nucleic acids - Rapid Learning Center www.rapidlearningcenter.com › Chemistry › Biochemistry Nucleic acids are polymers of ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides and are ... Double helical structure of DNA is described with animated diagrams. animation - DNA from the Beginning www.dnaftb.org/15/animation.html By the early 1900's, we knew that Miescher's nuclein was a mix of proteins and nucleic acids. There are two kinds of nucleic acids. I'm Phoebus Levene. By the ... Nucleic Acids - Chemistry https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nucacids.htm In the 1920's nucleic acids were found to be major components of ..... This process is illustrated by the following animation, which may be activated by clicking on ... Page 1 of 22 Nucleic Acids - SlideShare www.slideshare.net/sciencechris/nucleic-acids-284501 Feb 27, 2008 - These are the monomers of nucleic acids. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch09/dna_subunits_adv.html (Animation of N-bases ... Chapter 7: Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques www.austincc.edu/.../mdfund_unit9Chapter7NucleicAcidAmplificationT... Nucleic acid (NA) amplification methods fall into 3 categories ... All use enzymemediated processes, to synthesize copies of target nucleic acid; Amplification ... Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids - Student.loretto.org www.student.loretto.org/humanbiology/1xii.htm In nucleic acids four different kinds of nucleotides are bonded together to form large ... DNA Animation : An animated gif of a rotating 3D DNA molecule from the ... Build a DNA Molecule - Genetic Science Learning Center learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/builddna/ **DNA replication in one direction is straight-forward. But replication in the other direction happens a little differently. For an explanation, see the the animations ... Bioinformatics: From Nucleic Acids and Proteins to Cell Metabolism books.google.co.in/books?isbn=3527615180 Dietmar Schomburg, Uta Lessel - 2008 - Science A computer program was created which allowed for the calculation and animation of intracellular diffusion of molecules which diffused from the external space of ... The nucleic acids: chemistry and biology : Chargaff, Erwin : Free ... archive.org › eBook and Texts › Biodiversity Heritage Library Internet Archive BookReader - The nucleic acids: chemistry and biology. The BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser ... Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies for ... - OptiGene www.optigene.co.uk/.../Isothermal-nucleic-acid-amplification-technologi... by P Craw - Cited by 36 - Related articles technology indicate that some form of nucleic acid amplification will be required to obtain clinically relevant ...... Detailed schematic and animation of the complex. Nucleic Acid Structure - Molecules in Motion www.moleculesinmotion.com/StryerDnaTut/dna/menu.html "Movie" buttons play a short animation; to skip to the end of the animation, click on the "Jump to final view" button instead. The opening view of DNA is based on ... Illustrations: Schematic illustrations of nucleic-acid superstructures: Crystal ... www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n6/fig.../ncomms1903_F3.html Figure 3: Schematic illustrations of nucleic-acid superstructures. From Crystal structure of a plectonemic RNA supercoil. Jason R. Stagno; Buyong Ma; Jess Li ... Page 2 of 22 Images of Nucleic Acids and Complexes biophysics.colorado.edu/index.php/images/nucleic-acids Images of Nucleic Acids and Complexes. Electron density in the P4-P6 domain of Tetrahymena Group I Intron Ribozyme NMR structure of RNA leadzyme X-ray ... Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology - Page vii - Google Books Result books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0854046542 G. Michael Blackburn - 2006 - Science The first edition of Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology in 1990 met the ... While we have maintained a number of multi-colour illustrations in addition to our ... Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry - Nucleic acid www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/IGOC/N/nucleic_acid.html Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry. Nucleic acid: A molecule containing one or more nucleotides. DNA, RNA, and ATP are all nucleic acids. DNA. Related ... Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids: ATP, RNA & DNA - Science Prof Online www.scienceprofonline.com/.../nucleotides-nucleic-acids-atp-rna-dna.ht... What Are Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids? DNA Chemical Structure Illustration. Animated Chemical Structure of DNA. Nucleotide Structure: Purines & Pyrimidines. Nucleic acid Illustrations and Clipart. 139 Nucleic acid royalty free ... www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/nucleic-acid.html 139 Nucleic acid illustrations and clipart. Affordable Royalty Free Stock Photography. Downloads for just $1.00, with thousands of images added daily. Diagram of the Ronwin structure for the nucleic acids. November 1951. scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/.../pictures/ronwin-phospho.ht... Diagram of the Ronwin structure for the nucleic acids. ... Figure 1, extracted from "A Phospho-tri-anhydride Formula For Nucleic Acids. ... Genre: illustrations The Nucleic Acids - Page 95 - Google Books Result books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0323144772 Erwin Chargaff - 2012 - Science Probably the most striking illustration of the role of nucleic acid-protein interaction in virus activity is the demonstration by Bawden and Kleczkowski17° that ... Exploring Life's Origins: Nucleic Acids exploringorigins.org/nucleicacids.html ... an important role in the formation of components of nucleic acids, including the ... nucleotides, forming a polymer of RNA (illustrated in the animation on left). Imaging of nucleic acids with atomic force microscopy www.s.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/phys/biophys/.../Lyubchenko-Methods-2011.p... by YL Lyubchenko - 2011 - Cited by 32 - Related articles Feb 16, 2011 - utilizes the ability of nucleic acids to self-assemble into complex .... This last important feature of AP-mica is illustrated by Fig. 2, which shows ... Nucleic Acids > Types of RNA - Safari Books Online my.safaribooksonline.com/book/biology/.../1dot-nucleic-acids/c1s6_xhtml It represents the key event in translating the information in the nucleic acid sequence, ... The tertiary folding is illustrated in the center of the diagram with the ... Page 3 of 22 Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology: G. Michael Blackburn ... www.amazon.com › ... › Chemistry › Polymers & Macromolecules 'The text is well written, clearly laid out, with good illustrations, and an emphasis on how the chemistry of nucleic acids explains the biology of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids stock photos and images - Fotosearch www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/nucleic-acids.htmlTranslate this page Download 532 Nucleic acids images and stock photos. Fotosearch - The World's Stock Photography - One Web Site ™ ACGT | Genome: Unlocking Life's Code unlockinglifescode.org/media/images/481 DNA. Molecule encodes genetic instructions. ACGT illustration ACGT. Four nucleic acid bases that make DNA. Microscopic Images Gallery Microscopic Images. Nucleic acids stock photos and images - Fotosearch www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/nucleic-acids.htmlTranslate this page Download 532 Nucleic acids images and stock photos. Fotosearch - The World's Stock Photography - One Web Site ™ ACGT | Genome: Unlocking Life's Code unlockinglifescode.org/media/images/481 DNA. Molecule encodes genetic instructions. ACGT illustration ACGT. Four nucleic acid bases that make DNA. Microscopic Images Gallery Microscopic Images. Introduction to Nucleic Acids: Structural Properties of www.nsm.buffalo.edu/~koudelka/Lecture1.pdf Structural Properties of Nucleic Acid Building Blocks ... proteins nucleic acid polymers are chains of monomers, in the nucleic acids these ... This is illustrated. Organic Chemistry faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/.../biochemi.htm Nucleic acids are composed of units called nucleotides, which are linked together to form a ... ATP is continually produced and consumed as illustrated below. Visualizing protein-nucleic acid interactions on a large scale ... - damtp www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/teaching/ufk_papers/.../rivetti.pdf by IONA LARGE - 1996 - Cited by 192 - Related articles of protein-nucleic acid complexes and their interactions in air and in aqueous solutions .... yields stable images, but compression and shear forces generated be-. Nucleic Acids: Structures, Properties, and Functions books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0935702490 Victor A. Bloomfield, Donald M. Crothers, Ignacio Tinoco (jun.) - 2000 - Science A molecular vibration will involve motion of many nuclei, but some vibrations can be reasonably well localized. An illustration of the IR frequency range and the ... Page 4 of 22 Video demonstrations: Lecture - 20 Nucleic Acids 1 - Free Medical Video Lecture www.learnerstv.com/video/Free-video-Lecture-1407-medical.htm Lecture - 20 Nucleic Acids 1. This video lecture series on BioChemistry by Prof.S.Dasgupta, Dept of Chemistry, IIT Kharagpur as part of National Programme on ... Nucleic Acids 1 Video Lecture, IIT Kharagpur - Free Video Lectures freevideolectures.com › ... › IIT Kharagpur Nucleic Acids 1 Video Lecture, IIT Kharagpur Course, Bio Technology, Youtube Free Download, video ... Nucleic Acids - YouTube ► 8:00► 8:00 www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNASRkIU5Fw Nov 13, 2012 - Uploaded by Bozeman Science Paul Andersen explains the importance and structure of nucleic acids. He begins with an ... You need Adobe ... Organic Molecules DNA RNA | Cell Biology - YouTube ► 2:19► 2:19 www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZaMi6OhsSU Oct 22, 2009 - Uploaded by greatpacificmedia You need Adobe Flash Player to watch this video. .... structural materials; and nucleic acids use in storing ... Nucleic Acids — bozemanscience www.bozemanscience.com/nucleic-acids/ Paul Andersen explains the importance and structure of nucleic acids. He begins with an introduction to DNA and RNA. He then describes the important parts of ... Nucleic Acids - Chemistry Video by Brightstorm ► 3:34► 3:34 www.brightstorm.com/science/.../nucleic-acids/ Video description on nucleic acids and their mechanistic functions. Time-saving Brightstorm video on nucleic ... Nucliec Acids - TeacherTube www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id... Log In or help this Educator by SHARING their content to play Video: Tweet ... Nucliec Acids [2,228 views ... DNA and RNA: structural comparison - DnaTube.com - Scientific ...► 4:26► 4:26 www.dnatube.com/video/.../DNA-and-RNA-structur... This video presents. ... Helpful Video to understand the Genetic Fingerprint --> DNA, and the difference and ... Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures... | Video Protocol ► 0:16► 0:16 www.jove.com/video/.../analyzing-and-building-nu... This is followed, in Protocol 2, by the analysis of a nucleic acid structure, including the assignment of base ... Page 5 of 22 Nucleic acids DNA and RNA - Video Dailymotion ► 7:04► 7:04 www.dailymotion.com/video/xkl97d_nucleic-acids-... About; Comments; Videos; Export; Add to. Bio-molecules, Nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Capture date ... The Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids ... edutube.org/.../video/structure-and-function-macromolecules-nucleic-aci... Jan 14, 2013 - Nucleic acid structure and all its gory details are the focus of this screencast. ... Edutube educational videos | Learn something new every day ... Watch Nucleic Acid Video www.ovguide.com/nucleic-acid-9202a8c04000641f800000000002b112 Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA and... Frontiers | Videos in Nucleic Acids Biochemistry www.frontiersin.org/videos/Nucleic_Acids_Biochemistry Jan 15, 2014 - Frontiers Videos is a platform which allows you to share pertinent videos instantaneously with your colleagues, groups, networks or entire ... Video - Lecture - 20 Nucleic Acids 1 - Foldit Wiki - a Wikia Gaming wiki foldit.wikia.com/wiki/File:Lecture_-_20_Nucleic_Acids_1 This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its ... Video 5: Biomolecules- Lipids & Nucleic Acid Tutorial | Sophia ... www.sophia.org/.../video-5-biomolecules-lipids-nuclei... Video 5: Biomolecules- Lipids & Nucleic Acid. . Actions. Follow. Report ... Video 5: Biomolecules ... Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: evaluation by video and ... www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2364929 by SE Freeman - 1990 - Cited by 13 - Related articles Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: evaluation by video and photographic ... Charged-coupled device video cameras have become popular for ... Biology Video: The Chemistry of Nucleic Acids - Zane Education www.zaneeducation.com › ... › Biological Sciences › Biochemistry 2 Watch this Biology video, The Chemistry of Nucleic Acids. Study Biochemistry and the chemical structure of DNA and RNA molecules, two forms of nucleic acids. NanoDrop Nucleic Acid and Protein Protocol Videos - www ... www.nanodrop.com/protocolvideo.aspx These video articles demonstrates methods for determining nucleic acid and protein concentration with the NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer. NanoDrop ... Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: Evaluation by video and ... onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.1150110513/pdf by SE Freeman - 1990 - Cited by 13 - Related articles Electrophoretic analysis by video and photographic densitometry. 425. Steven E. ... Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: Evaluation by video and ... Page 6 of 22 OpenEd - Nucleic Acids - YouTube www.opened.io/#!/resources/114654 Nucleic Acids - YouTube. YouTube. Youtube Presents Nucleic Acids an educational video resources on english language arts. Grades: 10-11. Rating:. Nucleic Acids - SlideShare www.slideshare.net/sciencechris/nucleic-acids-284501 Feb 27, 2008 - Nucleic Acids Chemical Composition Elements: C, H, O, N, and P. There are 2 types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic. Quadrant – 3 Multiple choice questions – chose correct answer 1. DNA is a polymer of: a) nucleosides b) nucleotide monophosphates c) nucleotide diphosphates d) nucleotide triphosphates 2. Which of the following are pyrimidines? a) adenine and cytosine b) adenine and guanine c) adenine and thymine d) cytosine and thymine 3. Which of the following are purines? a) adenine and guanine b) cytosine and guanine c) cytosine and thymine d) guanine and thymine 4. A nucleic acid was analyzed and found to contain 32 percent A, 18 percent G, 17 percent C, and 33 percent T. The nucleic acid must be: a) single-stranded RNA b) single-stranded DNA c) double-stranded RNA d) double-stranded DNA 5. The two polynucleotide chains in DNA are: a) semidiscontinuous b) parallel c) discontinuous d) antiparallel Page 7 of 22 6. In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which model of DNA replication was accepted? a) semiconservative b) conservative c) dispersive d) semidiscontinuous 7. The sugar in RNA and DNA respectively are: a) deoxyribose, ribose b) ribose, deoxyribose c) ribose, phosphate d) ribose, uracil 8. In a nucleoside the base is bonded to sugar by a) covalently bonded to a sugar b) ionically bonded to a sugar c) hydrogen bonded to a sugar d) none of the above 9. Which pyrimidine base contains an amino group at carbon 4? a) Cytosine b) Thymine c) Uracil d) Adenine 10. Nucleotide bases and aromatic amino acids absorb light respectively at a) 280 and 260 nm b) 260 and 280 nm c) 270 and 280 nm d) 260 and 270 nm 11. The glycosidic bonds in DNA and RNA connect: a) The sugar to the phosphate b) the sugar to the base c) base to base d) phosphate to phosphate 12. The amount of nucleic acids can be approximately estimated by a) molecular weight b) absorption of visible light c) absorption of UV light d) none of these Page 8 of 22 13. Uracil a) In RNA uracil replace thymidine b) It forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine in DNA c) deamination of cytosine can abnormally form uracil in DNA d) all of the above 14. A nucleotide consists of a) a sugar, a base and a phosphate b) a sugar and two phosphate c) a sugar and bases d) none of the above 15. A pentose sugar lacking a oxygen at the number 2’ carbon is found in a) DNA b) RNA c) In both RNA and DNA d) None of the above 16. The most stabilizing force for nucleic acids is a) hydrogen bonds b) electrostatic bond c) Van der Waals d) conformational entropy 17. A purine with an amine (NH 2 ) group on the 6th carbon is a) adenine b) cytosine c) thymine d) guanine 18. According to Chargaff's rule, the following proportion exists in DNA a) T+C = G+A b) A+G = G+C c) C+G = A+T d) C+T = G+A 19. The actual synthesis of DNA in E. coli is the function of a) polymerase I b) primase c) polymerase III d) DNA ligase Page 9 of 22 20. Polymerase III is actually a complex containing a) catalytic subunits b) proofreading subunits c) "sliding clamp" subunits d) All of the above 21. By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the direction: a) 3’ 5’ b) 5’ 3’ c) 3’ 3’ d) None of the above 22. To initiate DNA synthesis during replication, DNA polymerases uses: a) DNA primer b) RNA primer c) Helicase d) Topoisomerase 23. Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) the leading strand toward the replication fork b) the lagging strand toward the replication fork c) the leading strand away from the replication fork d) the lagging strand away from the replication fork 24. An enzyme a single polypeptide is specified by a) multiple genes b) single gene c) a gene families d) none of the above 25. The diploid eukaryotes contain a) A single set of chromosomes b) Two sets of chromosomes c) Three sets of chromosomes d) Four sets of chromosomes 26. Each individual zone of a chromosome replicates as a discrete section called a) euchromatin b) Okazaki fragment c) replication unit d) leading strand Page 10 of 22 27. In replication of DNA, the helix is opened and untwisted by a) Ligase and polymerase b) helicase and topoisomerases c) polymerase and primase d) none of the above 28. If one side of a DNA molecule contains the following sequence of nucleotides, AGTCCG, the complementary sequence on the other side would be: a) GCCTGA b) AGTCCG c) TCAGGC d) CTGAAT State whether True or False: 1. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides 2. Cytosine and Guanine are pyramidines 3. Adenine and guanine are purines 4. For double-stranded DNA, base ratios (A+G)/(C+T) = 1 5. The two polynucleotide chains in DNA are antiparallel 6. In the semiconservative replication of DNA, progeny DNA molecules consist of all molecules with one parental and one new strand 7. The glycosidic bonds in DNA and RNA connect the sugar to the base 8. The most stabilizing force for nucleic acids is hydrogen bonds 9. A purine with an amine (NH 2 ) group on the 6th carbon is cytosine 10. Uracil found in RNA but not DNA 11. A single enzyme is specified by a single gene 12. In replication of DNA, the helix is opened by breaking hydrogen bonds is by helicase 13. DNA polymerase catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5'-->3' direction 14. During semiconservative replication, the original double helix remains intact and a new double helix form. 15. DNA polymerase uses a nucleoside triphosphate, bearing phosphates on the 5' carbon to form a phosphodiester linkage to the free 3' hydroxyl group on the end of the DNA strand it is synthesizing. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: 1. The complementary base-pairing rules DNA is ___________________ 2. The chemical group found at the 5' end of a polynucleotide chain is ____________ 3. The base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complementary to the 5’GGATCTGATCCAGTCA 3 DNA molecule is ________________________ 4. The percent of cytosine in a double-stranded DNA is 21 thus the percent of thymine in that DNA will be __________________ 5. The sugar in RNA is __________ , the sugar in DNA is __________ Page 11 of 22 6. Nucleoside is a pyrimidine or purine base covalently bonded to a ____________ 7. ___________ pyrimidine base contains an amino group at carbon 4 8. Nucleotide bases and aromatic amino acids absorb light respectively at ________________ 9. A nucleotide consists of _________________, ________________ & ___________ 10. A five carbon sugar lacking a hydrogen at the number 2 carbon is found in _______ 11. The actual synthesis of DNA in E. coli is the function of __________________ 12. By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the _________ direction 13. Since the DNA polymerases cannot initiate DNA synthesis de nova they require ___________ to initiate 14. Okazaki fragments are used to elongate on _____________________ strand toward the replication fork. 15. In nucleic acids, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the _______________ carbon of the sugar _________ 16. In a nucleic acid, the bases are always attached to the __________ carbon of the sugar 17. In nucleic acids, the phosphate group is attached to the ___________ carbon of the sugar. 18. _______________ join DNA fragments to the lagging strand 19. The two DNA strands in a double helix are held together with _________________ Assignments (questions and solutions): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Give a historical note on the discovery of nucleic acids RNA, a Rifferent Nucleic Acid The Secondary Structure of DNA Base Pairing The Double Helix DNA Replication Repair of DNA Damage and Replication Errors The Central Dogma and Transcription Discuss briefly on the Biosynthesis and degradation of Nucleic acids Page 12 of 22 Quadrant – 4 Supplementary reading: 1. Alberts, Bruce (2008). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4105-9. 2. Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5. 3. Brock, Thomas D.; Madigan, Michael T. (2009). Brock biology of microorganisms. Pearson / Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-321-53615-0 4. Dahm, R (January 2008). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Human Genetics 122 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-0070433-0. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 17901982. 5. Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6766-X. 6. Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Nature 171 (4356): 737–8. 7. Wolfram Saenger, Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 8. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome." (PDF). Nature 409 (6822): 860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011. 9. Venter, JC, et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome." (PDF). Science 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995. 10. Elson D (1965). "Metabolism of nucleic acids (macromolecular DNA and RNA)". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 34: 449–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.34.070165.002313. PMID 14321176. 11. Gilbert, Walter G. 1980. DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure (Nobel Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html 12. Sanger, Frederick. 1980. Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA (Nobel Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sangerlecture.html Wiki development on the course/other resources: Nucleic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA ... Nucleotide - Nucleic acid structure - TNA - Locked nucleic acid Page 13 of 22 Nucleic Acids - Chemistry www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nucacids.htm Nucleic Acids. 1. Introduction. The first isolation of what we now refer to as DNA was accomplished by Johann Friedrich Miescher circa 1870. He reported finding ... nucleic acid (chemical compound) -- Encyclopedia Britannica www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421900/nucleic-acid nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases ... Nucleic Acids - Chemwiki chemwiki.ucdavis.edu › Biological Chemistry Oct 1, 2013 - The nucleic acids are informational molecules because their primary structure contains a code or set of directions by which they can duplicate ... Visionlearning | Biology | Nucleic Acids www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Nucleic-Acids/63 by A Carpi - 2002. The nucleic acids are very large molecules that have two main parts. The backbone of a nucleic acid is made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules ... Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/.../nucleic.html Nucleic acids, built by polymerizing nucleotides, function primarily as informational molecules for the storage and retrieval of information about the primary ... Nucleic Acids Problem Set - The Biology Project - University of Arizona www.biology.arizona.edu/...bio/.../nucleic_acids/nucleic_acids_1.html Learn the basics about nucleic acids, how they form base pairs, and undergo replication and translation, as well as the methods and findings of some of the ... Nucleic Acids — bozemanscience www.bozemanscience.com/nucleic-acids/ Paul Andersen explains the importance and structure of nucleic acids. He begins with an introduction to DNA and RNA. He then describes the important parts of ... Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids - Taylor & Francis Online www.tandfonline.com › List of Issues Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. Open Select models; Peer Review Integrity. ISSN 1525-7770 (Print), 1532-2335 (Online). Publication Frequency nucleic acid - Wiktionary en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleic_acid nucleic (of the nucleus) + acid ... nucleic acid (plural nucleic acids) ... biological macromolecule consisting of multiply repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and ... Nucleic Acid cancer.osu.edu › Research › Shared Resources The Nucleic Acid Shared Resource now has an ionTorrent. Powered by Ion Torrent™ semiconductor chip technology, the Ion Personal Genome Machine™ ... Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry - Wiley Online Library onlinelibrary.wiley.com › ... › Cell & Molecular Biology Published in association with International Society for Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids (IS3NA), Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry is the ... Page 14 of 22 Nucleic Acid Center (NAC) www.sdu.dk › ... › About SDU › Departments and centres NAC (Nucleic Acid Center) is a Research Center established in 2001, based on fundings from The Danish National Research Foundation for studies on Nucleic ... IS3NA: International Society of Nucleosides, Nucleotides, & Nucleic ... www.is3na.org/ The International Society of Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids emerged in the new millennium as an offspring of a continuous chain of successful ... Exploring Life's Origins: Nucleic Acids exploringorigins.org/nucleicacids.html The atmospheric conditions on the early Earth may have played an important role in the formation of components of nucleic acids, including the sugar ribose and ... Chemistry for Biologists: Nucleic acids www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/nucleicacids.htm Nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are made up of nucleic acids found in the nuclei of living cells. They are the vehicles of ... Nucleic acid | Define Nucleic acid at Dictionary.com dictionary.reference.com/browse/nucleic+acid any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of ... Solution to Quiz: Chose the correct answer 1. B 6. A 11. B 2. D 7. B 12. C 3. A 8. A 13. A 4. B 9. A 14. A 5. D 10. B 15. A 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. A A C C D 21 22 23 24 25 State whether True or False 1. T 6. T 11 T 2. F 7. T 12 T 3. T 8. T 13 T 4. T 9. T 14 F 5. T 10 T 15 T Page 15 of 22 B B D B B 26 27 28 B B C Fill in the Blanks 1. Double helix 6. Pentose sugar 2. Phosphate 7. 3. CCGAGACTAGGTVAGT 8. 4. 29 9. 5. Ribose Cytosine 260 & 289 nm Sugar – phosphate -base 10 DNA 11 DNA pol III 12 5’3’ 13 Primase 14 Lagging 16 1st 17 5th 18 DNA ligase 19 Hydrogen bonds 15 2’ -ribose Answers are only indicative. Expand on the outline given: 1. Give a historical note on the discovery of nucleic acids The first isolation of what we now refer to as DNA was accomplished by Johann Friedrich Miescher circa 1870. He reported finding a weakly acidic substance of unknown function in the nuclei of human white blood cells, and named this material "nuclein". A few years later, Miescher separated nuclein into protein and nucleic acid components. In the 1920's nucleic acids were found to be major components of chromosomes, small gene-carrying bodies in the nuclei of complex cells. Elemental analysis of nucleic acids showed the presence of phosphorus, in addition to the usual C, H, N & O. Unlike proteins, nucleic acids contained no sulfur. Complete hydrolysis of chromosomal nucleic acids gave inorganic phosphate, 2-deoxyribose and four different heterocyclic bases. To reflect the unusual sugar component, chromosomal nucleic acids are called deoxyribonucleic acids, abbreviated DNA. Analogous nucleic acids in which the sugar component is ribose are termed ribonucleic acids, abbreviated RNA. The acidic character of the nucleic acids was attributed to the phosphoric acid moiety. The two monocyclic bases are classified as pyrimidines, and the two bicyclic bases are purines. Each has at least one N-H site at which an organic substituent may be attached. The corresponding N-glycosides of the common sugar ribose are the building blocks of RNA, and are named adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine (a thymidine analog missing the methyl group). In a second critical study, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase showed that when a bacterium is infected and genetically transformed by a virus, at least 80% of the viral DNA enters the bacterial cell and at least 80% of the viral protein remains outside. Together with the Chargaff findings this work established DNA as the repository of the unique genetic characteristics of an organism. Page 16 of 22 2. RNA, a Rifferent Nucleic Acid The high molecular weight nucleic acid, DNA, is found chiefly in the nuclei of complex cells, known as eucaryotic cells, or in the nucleoid regions of procaryotic cells, such as bacteria. It is often associated with proteins that help to pack it in a usable fashion. In contrast, a lower molecular weight, but much more abundant nucleic acid, RNA, is distributed throughout the cell, most commonly in small numerous organelles called ribosomes. Three kinds of RNA are identified, the largest subgroup (85 to 90%) being ribosomal RNA, rRNA, the major component of ribosomes, together with proteins. The size of rRNA molecules varies, but is generally less than a thousandth the size of DNA. The other forms of RNA are messenger RNA, mRNA, and transfer RNA, tRNA. Both have a more transient existence and are smaller than rRNA. All these RNA's have similar constitutions, and differ from DNA in two important respects. The sugar component of RNA is ribose, and the pyrimidine base uracil replaces the thymine base of DNA. The RNA's play a vital role in the transfer of information (transcription) from the DNA library to the protein factories called ribosomes, and in the interpretation of that information (translation) for the synthesis of specific polypeptides. 3. The Secondary Structure of DNA In the early 1950's the primary structure of DNA was well established, but a firm understanding of its secondary structure was lacking. It was generally conceded that the molar equivalences of base pairs (A & T and C & G) discovered by Chargaff would be an important factor. Rosalind Franklin, working at King's College, London, obtained Xray diffraction evidence that suggested a long helical structure of uniform thickness. Francis Crick and James Watson, at Cambridge University, considered hydrogen bonded base pairing interactions, and arrived at a double stranded helical model that satisfied most of the known facts, and has been confirmed by subsequent findings. 4. Base Pairing Careful examination of the purine and pyrimidine base components of the nucleotides reveals that three of them could exist as hydroxy pyrimidine or purine tautomers, having an aromatic heterocyclic ring. Once they had identified the favored base tautomers in the nucleosides, Watson and Crick were able to propose a complementary pairing, via hydrogen bonding, of guanosine (G) with cytidine (C) and adenosine (A) with thymidine (T). This pairing explained by Chargaff's findings and led them to suggest a double helix structure for DNA. Page 17 of 22 5. The Double Helix After many trials and modifications, Watson and Crick conceived an ingenious double helix model for the secondary structure of DNA. Two strands of DNA were aligned antiparallel to each other, i.e. with opposite 3' and 5' ends. Complementary primary nucleotide structures for each strand allowed intra-strand hydrogen bonding between each pair of bases. Coiling these coupled strands then leads to a double helix structure. The double helix is further stabilized by hydrophobic attractions and pi-stacking of the bases. The helix has ten base pairs per turn, and rises 3.4 Å in each turn. This righthanded helix is the favored conformation in aqueous systems, and has been termed the B-helix. As the DNA strands wind around each other, they leave gaps between each set of phosphate backbones. Two alternating grooves result, a wide and deep major groove (ca. 22Å wide), and a shallow and narrow minor groove (ca. 12Å wide). Other helical structures of DNA have also been observed, and are designated by letters (e.g. A and Z). Space-Filling Molecular Model Page 18 of 22 6. DNA Replication In their 1953 announcement of a double helix structure for DNA, Watson and Crick stated, "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material." The essence of this suggestion is that, if separated, each strand of the molecule might act as a template on which a new complementary strand might be assembled, leading finally to two identical DNA molecules. Indeed, replication does take place in this fashion when cells divide, but the events leading up to the actual synthesis of complementary DNA strands are sufficiently complex. Once the double stranded DNA is exposed, a group of enzymes act to accomplish its replication. The major types of enzymes involved in the DNA replication. These are described briefly here: 1. Topoisomerase: This enzyme initiates unwinding of the double helix by cutting one of the strands. 2. Helicase: This enzyme assists the unwinding. Note that many hydrogen bonds must be broken if the strands are to be separated. 3. SSB: A single-strand binding-protein stabilizes the separated strands, and prevents them from recombining, so that the polymerization chemistry can function on the individual strands. 4. DNA Polymerase: This family of enzymes link together nucleotide triphosphate monomers as they hydrogen bond to complementary bases. These enzymes also check for errors (roughly ten per billion), and make corrections. 5. Ligase: Small unattached DNA segments on a strand are united by this enzyme. Polymerization of nucleotides takes place by the phosphorylation reaction. The polymerization mechanism described here is constant and always extends the developing DNA segment toward the 3'-end (i.e. when a nucleotide triphosphate attaches to the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the strand, a new 3'-hydroxyl is generated). Because of the directional demand of the polymerization, one of the DNA strands is easily replicated in a continuous fashion, whereas the other strand can only be replicated in short segmental pieces. Separation of a portion of the double helix takes place at a site called the replication fork. As replication of the separate strands occurs, the replication fork moves away, unwinding additional lengths of DNA. This continuously formed new strand is called the leading strand. In contrast, the replication fork moves toward the 3'end of the original green strand, preventing continuous polymerization of a complementary new red strand. Short segments of complementary DNA, called Okazaki fragments, are produced, and these are linked together later by the enzyme ligase. This new DNA strand is called the lagging strand. Page 19 of 22 The efficiency of DNA replication must be extraordinary. The procedure described above will replicate about 50 nucleotides per second, so there must be many thousand such replication sites in action during cell division. A given length of double stranded DNA may undergo strand unwinding at numerous sites in response to promoter actions. The unraveled "bubble" of single stranded DNA has two replication forks, so assembly of new complementary strands may proceed in two directions. The polymerizations associated with several such bubbles fuse together to achieve full replication of the entire DNA double helix. 7. Repair of DNA Damage and Replication Errors One of the benefits of the double stranded DNA structure is that it lends itself to repair, when structural damage or replication errors occur. Several kinds of chemical change may cause damage to DNA: • Spontaneous hydrolysis of a nucleoside removes the heterocyclic base component. • Spontaneous hydrolysis of cytosine changes it to a uracil. • Various toxic metabolites may oxidize or methylate heterocyclic base components. • Ultraviolet light may dimerize adjacent cytosine or thymine bases. All these transformations disrupt base pairing at the site of the change, and this produces a structural deformation in the double helix. Inspection-repair enzymes detect such deformations, and use the undamaged nucleotide at that site as a template for replacing the damaged unit. These repairs reduce errors in DNA structure from about one in ten million to one per trillion. Page 20 of 22 8. The Central Dogma and Transcription Francis Crick proposed that information flows from DNA to RNA in a process called transcription, and is then used to synthesize polypeptides by a process called translation. Transcription takes place in a manner similar to DNA replication. A characteristic sequence of nucleotides marks the beginning of a gene on the DNA strand, and this region binds to a promoter protein that initiates RNA synthesis. The double stranded structure unwinds at the promoter site, and one of the strands serves as a template for RNA formation. The RNA molecule thus formed is single stranded, and serves to carry information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery called ribosomes. These RNA molecules are therefore called messenger-RNA (mRNA). An important distinction must be made here. One of the DNA strands in the double helix holds the genetic information used for protein synthesis. This is called the sense strand, or information strand. The complementary strand that binds to the sense strand is called the anti-sense strand, and it serves as a template for generating mRNA molecule that delivers a copy of the sense strand information to a ribosome. The promoter protein binds to a specific nucleotide sequence that identifies the sense strand, relative to the anti-sense strand. RNA synthesis is then initiated in the 3' direction, as nucleotide triphosphates bind to complementary bases on the template strand, and are joined by phosphate diester linkages. The Central Dogma of molecular biology, which at first was formulated as a simple linear progression of information from DNA to RNA to Protein, is summarized in the following illustration. The replication process on the left consists of passing information from a parent DNA molecule to daughter molecules. The middle transcription process copies this information to a mRNA molecule. Finally, this information is used by the chemical machinery of the ribosome to make polypeptides. As more has been learned about these relationships, the central dogma has been refined to the representation displayed on the right. The dark blue arrows show the general, well demonstrated, information transfers noted above. It is now known that an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme, known as a reverse transcriptase, is able to transcribe a single-stranded RNA sequence into double-stranded DNA (magenta arrow). Direct translation of DNA information into protein synthesis has not yet been observed in a living organism. Finally, proteins appear to be an informational dead end, and do not provide a structural blueprint for either RNA or DNA. Page 21 of 22 9. Discuss briefly on the Biosynthesis and degradation of Nucleic acids Nucleotides are synthesized from readily available precursors in the cell. The ribose phosphate portion of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is synthesized from glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway. The six-atom pyrimidine ring is synthesized first and subsequently attached to the ribose phosphate. The two rings in purines are synthesized while attached to the ribose phosphate during the assembly of adenine or guanine nucleosides. In both cases the end product is a nucleotide carrying a phosphate attached to the 5′ carbon on the sugar. Finally, a specialized enzyme called a kinase adds two phosphate groups using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the phosphate donor to form ribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of RNA. For DNA, the 2′-hydroxyl group is removed from the ribonucleoside diphosphate to give deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate. An additional phosphate group from ATP is then added by another kinase to form a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of DNA. During normal cell metabolism, RNA is constantly being made and broken down. The purine and pyrimidine residues are reused by several salvage pathways to make more genetic material. Purine is salvaged in the form of the corresponding nucleotide, whereas pyrimidine is salvaged as the nucleoside. Page 22 of 22