Download Nucleic Acids exploringorigins.org - vtu-nptel

MODULE 10: Nucleic Acids, Lectures 20-22
Quadrant – 2
Animations:
Exploring Life's Origins: Nucleic Acids
exploringorigins.org/nucleicacids.html
... important role in the formation of components of nucleic acids, including the sugar
ribose . This animation is based on research done by James Ferris' lab at ...
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids: ATP, RNA & DNA - Science Prof Online
www.scienceprofonline.com/.../nucleotides-nucleic-acids-atp-rna-dna.ht...
What Are Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids? DNA Chemical Structure Illustration.
Animated Chemical Structure of DNA. Nucleotide Structure: Purines & Pyrimidines.
Animation Quiz - DNA Structure - McGraw-Hill Higher Education
highered.mcgraw-hill.com › Home › Chapter 2
Animation Quiz - DNA Structure (See related pages). View the animation below, then
complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.
DNA structure
www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html
Amino Acids and Protein. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) forms chains of genetic. Cell
Function Overview. material organized into chromosomes. Cell Anatomy.
What Are Nucleic Acids - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and ...► 7:59► 7:59
www.dnatube.com/video/.../What-Are-Nucleic-Acids
This video will help you to understand the nucleic acids in detail. Here is a brief
explanation of the RNA and ...
DNA and RNA: structural comparison - DnaTube.com - Scientific ...► 4:26► 4:26
www.dnatube.com/.../DNA-and-RNA-structural-co...
Edited by Ashraf. (less). Channels: Scientific Animations Genetics Tags: DNA RNA ....
Structural relationship ...
Biochemistry: Nucleic acids - Rapid Learning Center
www.rapidlearningcenter.com › Chemistry › Biochemistry
Nucleic acids are polymers of ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides and are ...
Double helical structure of DNA is described with animated diagrams.
animation - DNA from the Beginning
www.dnaftb.org/15/animation.html
By the early 1900's, we knew that Miescher's nuclein was a mix of proteins and nucleic
acids. There are two kinds of nucleic acids. I'm Phoebus Levene. By the ...
Nucleic Acids - Chemistry
https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nucacids.htm
In the 1920's nucleic acids were found to be major components of ..... This process is
illustrated by the following animation, which may be activated by clicking on ...
Page 1 of 22
Nucleic Acids - SlideShare
www.slideshare.net/sciencechris/nucleic-acids-284501
Feb 27, 2008 - These are the monomers of nucleic acids.
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch09/dna_subunits_adv.html (Animation
of N-bases ...
Chapter 7: Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
www.austincc.edu/.../mdfund_unit9Chapter7NucleicAcidAmplificationT...
Nucleic acid (NA) amplification methods fall into 3 categories ... All use enzymemediated processes, to synthesize copies of target nucleic acid; Amplification ...
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids - Student.loretto.org
www.student.loretto.org/humanbiology/1xii.htm
In nucleic acids four different kinds of nucleotides are bonded together to form large ...
DNA Animation : An animated gif of a rotating 3D DNA molecule from the ...
Build a DNA Molecule - Genetic Science Learning Center
learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/builddna/
**DNA replication in one direction is straight-forward. But replication in the other
direction happens a little differently. For an explanation, see the the animations ...
Bioinformatics: From Nucleic Acids and Proteins to Cell Metabolism
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=3527615180
Dietmar Schomburg, Uta Lessel - 2008 - Science
A computer program was created which allowed for the calculation and animation of
intracellular diffusion of molecules which diffused from the external space of ...
The nucleic acids: chemistry and biology : Chargaff, Erwin : Free ...
archive.org › eBook and Texts › Biodiversity Heritage Library
Internet Archive BookReader - The nucleic acids: chemistry and biology. The
BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser ...
Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies for ... - OptiGene
www.optigene.co.uk/.../Isothermal-nucleic-acid-amplification-technologi...
by P Craw - Cited by 36 - Related articles
technology indicate that some form of nucleic acid amplification will be required to
obtain clinically relevant ...... Detailed schematic and animation of the complex.
Nucleic Acid Structure - Molecules in Motion
www.moleculesinmotion.com/StryerDnaTut/dna/menu.html
"Movie" buttons play a short animation; to skip to the end of the animation, click on the
"Jump to final view" button instead. The opening view of DNA is based on ...
Illustrations:
Schematic illustrations of nucleic-acid superstructures: Crystal ...
www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n6/fig.../ncomms1903_F3.html
Figure 3: Schematic illustrations of nucleic-acid superstructures. From Crystal structure
of a plectonemic RNA supercoil. Jason R. Stagno; Buyong Ma; Jess Li ...
Page 2 of 22
Images of Nucleic Acids and Complexes
biophysics.colorado.edu/index.php/images/nucleic-acids
Images of Nucleic Acids and Complexes. Electron density in the P4-P6 domain of
Tetrahymena Group I Intron Ribozyme NMR structure of RNA leadzyme X-ray ...
Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology - Page vii - Google Books Result
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0854046542
G. Michael Blackburn - 2006 - Science
The first edition of Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology in 1990 met the ... While
we have maintained a number of multi-colour illustrations in addition to our ...
Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry - Nucleic acid
www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/IGOC/N/nucleic_acid.html
Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry. Nucleic acid: A molecule containing one or
more nucleotides. DNA, RNA, and ATP are all nucleic acids. DNA. Related ...
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids: ATP, RNA & DNA - Science Prof Online
www.scienceprofonline.com/.../nucleotides-nucleic-acids-atp-rna-dna.ht...
What Are Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids? DNA Chemical Structure Illustration.
Animated Chemical Structure of DNA. Nucleotide Structure: Purines & Pyrimidines.
Nucleic acid Illustrations and Clipart. 139 Nucleic acid royalty free ...
www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/nucleic-acid.html
139 Nucleic acid illustrations and clipart. Affordable Royalty Free Stock Photography.
Downloads for just $1.00, with thousands of images added daily.
Diagram of the Ronwin structure for the nucleic acids. November 1951.
scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/.../pictures/ronwin-phospho.ht...
Diagram of the Ronwin structure for the nucleic acids. ... Figure 1, extracted from "A
Phospho-tri-anhydride Formula For Nucleic Acids. ... Genre: illustrations
The Nucleic Acids - Page 95 - Google Books Result
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0323144772
Erwin Chargaff - 2012 - Science
Probably the most striking illustration of the role of nucleic acid-protein interaction in
virus activity is the demonstration by Bawden and Kleczkowski17° that ...
Exploring Life's Origins: Nucleic Acids
exploringorigins.org/nucleicacids.html
... an important role in the formation of components of nucleic acids, including the ...
nucleotides, forming a polymer of RNA (illustrated in the animation on left).
Imaging of nucleic acids with atomic force microscopy
www.s.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/phys/biophys/.../Lyubchenko-Methods-2011.p...
by YL Lyubchenko - 2011 - Cited by 32 - Related articles
Feb 16, 2011 - utilizes the ability of nucleic acids to self-assemble into complex .... This
last important feature of AP-mica is illustrated by Fig. 2, which shows ...
Nucleic Acids > Types of RNA - Safari Books Online
my.safaribooksonline.com/book/biology/.../1dot-nucleic-acids/c1s6_xhtml
It represents the key event in translating the information in the nucleic acid sequence, ...
The tertiary folding is illustrated in the center of the diagram with the ...
Page 3 of 22
Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology: G. Michael Blackburn ...
www.amazon.com › ... › Chemistry › Polymers & Macromolecules
'The text is well written, clearly laid out, with good illustrations, and an emphasis on
how the chemistry of nucleic acids explains the biology of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids stock photos and images - Fotosearch
www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/nucleic-acids.htmlTranslate this page
Download 532 Nucleic acids images and stock photos. Fotosearch - The World's Stock
Photography - One Web Site ™
ACGT | Genome: Unlocking Life's Code
unlockinglifescode.org/media/images/481
DNA. Molecule encodes genetic instructions. ACGT illustration ACGT. Four nucleic
acid bases that make DNA. Microscopic Images Gallery Microscopic Images.
Nucleic acids stock photos and images - Fotosearch
www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/nucleic-acids.htmlTranslate this page
Download 532 Nucleic acids images and stock photos. Fotosearch - The World's Stock
Photography - One Web Site ™
ACGT | Genome: Unlocking Life's Code
unlockinglifescode.org/media/images/481
DNA. Molecule encodes genetic instructions. ACGT illustration ACGT. Four nucleic
acid bases that make DNA. Microscopic Images Gallery Microscopic Images.
Introduction to Nucleic Acids: Structural Properties of
www.nsm.buffalo.edu/~koudelka/Lecture1.pdf
Structural Properties of Nucleic Acid Building Blocks ... proteins nucleic acid polymers
are chains of monomers, in the nucleic acids these ... This is illustrated.
Organic Chemistry
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/.../biochemi.htm
Nucleic acids are composed of units called nucleotides, which are linked together to
form a ... ATP is continually produced and consumed as illustrated below.
Visualizing protein-nucleic acid interactions on a large scale ... - damtp
www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/teaching/ufk_papers/.../rivetti.pdf
by IONA LARGE - 1996 - Cited by 192 - Related articles
of protein-nucleic acid complexes and their interactions in air and in aqueous solutions
.... yields stable images, but compression and shear forces generated be-.
Nucleic Acids: Structures, Properties, and Functions
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0935702490
Victor A. Bloomfield, Donald M. Crothers, Ignacio Tinoco (jun.) - 2000 - Science
A molecular vibration will involve motion of many nuclei, but some vibrations can be
reasonably well localized. An illustration of the IR frequency range and the ...
Page 4 of 22
Video demonstrations:
Lecture - 20 Nucleic Acids 1 - Free Medical Video Lecture
www.learnerstv.com/video/Free-video-Lecture-1407-medical.htm
Lecture - 20 Nucleic Acids 1. This video lecture series on BioChemistry by
Prof.S.Dasgupta, Dept of Chemistry, IIT Kharagpur as part of National Programme
on ...
Nucleic Acids 1 Video Lecture, IIT Kharagpur - Free Video Lectures
freevideolectures.com › ... › IIT Kharagpur
Nucleic Acids 1 Video Lecture, IIT Kharagpur Course, Bio Technology, Youtube Free
Download, video ...
Nucleic Acids - YouTube ► 8:00► 8:00
www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNASRkIU5Fw
Nov 13, 2012 - Uploaded by Bozeman Science
Paul Andersen explains the importance and structure of nucleic acids. He begins with
an ... You need Adobe ...
Organic Molecules DNA RNA | Cell Biology - YouTube ► 2:19► 2:19
www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZaMi6OhsSU
Oct 22, 2009 - Uploaded by greatpacificmedia
You need Adobe Flash Player to watch this video. .... structural materials; and nucleic
acids use in storing ...
Nucleic Acids — bozemanscience
www.bozemanscience.com/nucleic-acids/
Paul Andersen explains the importance and structure of nucleic acids. He begins with
an introduction to DNA and RNA. He then describes the important parts of ...
Nucleic Acids - Chemistry Video by Brightstorm ► 3:34► 3:34
www.brightstorm.com/science/.../nucleic-acids/
Video description on nucleic acids and their mechanistic functions. Time-saving
Brightstorm video on nucleic ...
Nucliec Acids - TeacherTube
www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id...
Log In or help this Educator by SHARING their content to play Video: Tweet ...
Nucliec Acids [2,228 views ...
DNA and RNA: structural comparison - DnaTube.com - Scientific ...► 4:26► 4:26
www.dnatube.com/video/.../DNA-and-RNA-structur...
This video presents. ... Helpful Video to understand the Genetic Fingerprint --> DNA,
and the difference and ...
Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures... | Video Protocol ► 0:16► 0:16
www.jove.com/video/.../analyzing-and-building-nu...
This is followed, in Protocol 2, by the analysis of a nucleic acid structure, including the
assignment of base ...
Page 5 of 22
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA - Video Dailymotion ► 7:04► 7:04
www.dailymotion.com/video/xkl97d_nucleic-acids-...
About; Comments; Videos; Export; Add to. Bio-molecules, Nucleic acids DNA and
RNA. Capture date ...
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids ...
edutube.org/.../video/structure-and-function-macromolecules-nucleic-aci...
Jan 14, 2013 - Nucleic acid structure and all its gory details are the focus of this
screencast. ... Edutube educational videos | Learn something new every day ...
Watch Nucleic Acid Video
www.ovguide.com/nucleic-acid-9202a8c04000641f800000000002b112
Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large biological molecules, essential
for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA and...
Frontiers | Videos in Nucleic Acids Biochemistry
www.frontiersin.org/videos/Nucleic_Acids_Biochemistry
Jan 15, 2014 - Frontiers Videos is a platform which allows you to share pertinent videos
instantaneously with your colleagues, groups, networks or entire ...
Video - Lecture - 20 Nucleic Acids 1 - Foldit Wiki - a Wikia Gaming wiki
foldit.wikia.com/wiki/File:Lecture_-_20_Nucleic_Acids_1
This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or
scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its ...
Video 5: Biomolecules- Lipids & Nucleic Acid Tutorial | Sophia ...
www.sophia.org/.../video-5-biomolecules-lipids-nuclei...
Video 5: Biomolecules- Lipids & Nucleic Acid.  . Actions. Follow. Report ...
Video 5: Biomolecules ...
Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: evaluation by video and ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2364929
by SE Freeman - 1990 - Cited by 13 - Related articles
Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: evaluation by video and photographic ...
Charged-coupled device video cameras have become popular for ...
Biology Video: The Chemistry of Nucleic Acids - Zane Education
www.zaneeducation.com › ... › Biological Sciences › Biochemistry 2
Watch this Biology video, The Chemistry of Nucleic Acids. Study Biochemistry and the
chemical structure of DNA and RNA molecules, two forms of nucleic acids.
NanoDrop Nucleic Acid and Protein Protocol Videos - www ...
www.nanodrop.com/protocolvideo.aspx
These video articles demonstrates methods for determining nucleic acid and protein
concentration with the NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer. NanoDrop ...
Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: Evaluation by video and ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.1150110513/pdf
by SE Freeman - 1990 - Cited by 13 - Related articles
Electrophoretic analysis by video and photographic densitometry. 425. Steven E. ...
Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids: Evaluation by video and ...
Page 6 of 22
OpenEd - Nucleic Acids - YouTube
www.opened.io/#!/resources/114654
Nucleic Acids - YouTube. YouTube. Youtube Presents Nucleic Acids an educational
video resources on english language arts. Grades: 10-11. Rating:.
Nucleic Acids - SlideShare
www.slideshare.net/sciencechris/nucleic-acids-284501
Feb 27, 2008 - Nucleic Acids Chemical Composition Elements: C, H, O, N, and P.
There are 2 types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic.
Quadrant – 3
Multiple choice questions – chose correct answer
1. DNA is a polymer of:
a) nucleosides
b) nucleotide monophosphates
c) nucleotide diphosphates
d) nucleotide triphosphates
2. Which of the following are pyrimidines?
a) adenine and cytosine
b) adenine and guanine
c) adenine and thymine
d) cytosine and thymine
3. Which of the following are purines?
a) adenine and guanine
b) cytosine and guanine
c) cytosine and thymine
d) guanine and thymine
4. A nucleic acid was analyzed and found to contain 32 percent A, 18 percent G, 17 percent
C, and 33 percent T. The nucleic acid must be:
a) single-stranded RNA
b) single-stranded DNA
c) double-stranded RNA
d) double-stranded DNA
5. The two polynucleotide chains in DNA are:
a) semidiscontinuous
b) parallel
c) discontinuous
d) antiparallel
Page 7 of 22
6. In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which model of DNA replication was accepted?
a) semiconservative
b) conservative
c) dispersive
d) semidiscontinuous
7. The sugar in RNA and DNA respectively are:
a) deoxyribose, ribose
b) ribose, deoxyribose
c) ribose, phosphate
d) ribose, uracil
8. In a nucleoside the base is bonded to sugar by
a) covalently bonded to a sugar
b) ionically bonded to a sugar
c) hydrogen bonded to a sugar
d) none of the above
9. Which pyrimidine base contains an amino group at carbon 4?
a) Cytosine
b) Thymine
c) Uracil
d) Adenine
10. Nucleotide bases and aromatic amino acids absorb light respectively at
a) 280 and 260 nm
b) 260 and 280 nm
c) 270 and 280 nm
d) 260 and 270 nm
11. The glycosidic bonds in DNA and RNA connect:
a) The sugar to the phosphate
b) the sugar to the base
c) base to base
d) phosphate to phosphate
12. The amount of nucleic acids can be approximately estimated by
a) molecular weight
b) absorption of visible light
c) absorption of UV light
d) none of these
Page 8 of 22
13. Uracil
a) In RNA uracil replace thymidine
b) It forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine in DNA
c) deamination of cytosine can abnormally form uracil in DNA
d) all of the above
14. A nucleotide consists of
a) a sugar, a base and a phosphate
b) a sugar and two phosphate
c) a sugar and bases
d) none of the above
15. A pentose sugar lacking a oxygen at the number 2’ carbon is found in
a) DNA
b) RNA
c) In both RNA and DNA
d) None of the above
16. The most stabilizing force for nucleic acids is
a) hydrogen bonds
b) electrostatic bond
c) Van der Waals
d) conformational entropy
17. A purine with an amine (NH 2 ) group on the 6th carbon is
a) adenine
b) cytosine
c) thymine
d) guanine
18. According to Chargaff's rule, the following proportion exists in DNA
a) T+C = G+A
b) A+G = G+C
c) C+G = A+T
d) C+T = G+A
19. The actual synthesis of DNA in E. coli is the function of
a) polymerase I
b) primase
c) polymerase III
d) DNA ligase
Page 9 of 22
20. Polymerase III is actually a complex containing
a) catalytic subunits
b) proofreading subunits
c) "sliding clamp" subunits
d) All of the above
21. By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the
direction:
a) 3’  5’
b) 5’  3’
c) 3’  3’
d) None of the above
22. To initiate DNA synthesis during replication, DNA polymerases uses:
a) DNA primer
b) RNA primer
c) Helicase
d) Topoisomerase
23. Okazaki fragments are used to elongate
a) the leading strand toward the replication fork
b) the lagging strand toward the replication fork
c) the leading strand away from the replication fork
d) the lagging strand away from the replication fork
24. An enzyme a single polypeptide is specified by
a) multiple genes
b) single gene
c) a gene families
d) none of the above
25. The diploid eukaryotes contain
a) A single set of chromosomes
b) Two sets of chromosomes
c) Three sets of chromosomes
d) Four sets of chromosomes
26. Each individual zone of a chromosome replicates as a discrete section called
a) euchromatin
b) Okazaki fragment
c) replication unit
d) leading strand
Page 10 of 22
27. In replication of DNA, the helix is opened and untwisted by
a) Ligase and polymerase
b) helicase and topoisomerases
c) polymerase and primase
d) none of the above
28. If one side of a DNA molecule contains the following sequence of nucleotides,
AGTCCG, the complementary sequence on the other side would be:
a) GCCTGA
b) AGTCCG
c) TCAGGC
d) CTGAAT
State whether True or False:
1. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
2. Cytosine and Guanine are pyramidines
3. Adenine and guanine are purines
4. For double-stranded DNA, base ratios (A+G)/(C+T) = 1
5. The two polynucleotide chains in DNA are antiparallel
6. In the semiconservative replication of DNA, progeny DNA molecules consist of all
molecules with one parental and one new strand
7. The glycosidic bonds in DNA and RNA connect the sugar to the base
8. The most stabilizing force for nucleic acids is hydrogen bonds
9. A purine with an amine (NH 2 ) group on the 6th carbon is cytosine
10. Uracil found in RNA but not DNA
11. A single enzyme is specified by a single gene
12. In replication of DNA, the helix is opened by breaking hydrogen bonds is by helicase
13. DNA polymerase catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5'-->3' direction
14. During semiconservative replication, the original double helix remains intact and a
new double helix form.
15. DNA polymerase uses a nucleoside triphosphate, bearing phosphates on the 5' carbon
to form a phosphodiester linkage to the free 3' hydroxyl group on the end of the DNA
strand it is synthesizing.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
1. The complementary base-pairing rules DNA is ___________________
2. The chemical group found at the 5' end of a polynucleotide chain is ____________
3. The base sequence of the DNA strand that would be complementary to the 5’GGATCTGATCCAGTCA 3 DNA molecule is ________________________
4. The percent of cytosine in a double-stranded DNA is 21 thus the percent of thymine
in that DNA will be __________________
5. The sugar in RNA is __________ , the sugar in DNA is __________
Page 11 of 22
6. Nucleoside is a pyrimidine or purine base covalently bonded to a ____________
7. ___________ pyrimidine base contains an amino group at carbon 4
8. Nucleotide bases and aromatic amino acids absorb light respectively at
________________
9. A nucleotide consists of _________________, ________________ & ___________
10. A five carbon sugar lacking a hydrogen at the number 2 carbon is found in _______
11. The actual synthesis of DNA in E. coli is the function of __________________
12. By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the
_________ direction
13. Since the DNA polymerases cannot initiate DNA synthesis de nova they require
___________ to initiate
14. Okazaki fragments are used to elongate on _____________________ strand toward
the replication fork.
15. In nucleic acids, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the _______________ carbon
of the sugar _________
16. In a nucleic acid, the bases are always attached to the __________ carbon of the sugar
17. In nucleic acids, the phosphate group is attached to the ___________ carbon of the
sugar.
18. _______________ join DNA fragments to the lagging strand
19. The two DNA strands in a double helix are held together with _________________
Assignments (questions and solutions):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Give a historical note on the discovery of nucleic acids
RNA, a Rifferent Nucleic Acid
The Secondary Structure of DNA
Base Pairing
The Double Helix
DNA Replication
Repair of DNA Damage and Replication Errors
The Central Dogma and Transcription
Discuss briefly on the Biosynthesis and degradation of Nucleic acids
Page 12 of 22
Quadrant – 4
Supplementary reading:
1. Alberts, Bruce (2008). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science.
ISBN 0-8153-4105-9.
2. Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and
Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5.
3. Brock, Thomas D.; Madigan, Michael T. (2009). Brock biology of microorganisms.
Pearson / Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-321-53615-0
4. Dahm, R (January 2008). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years
of nucleic acid research". Human Genetics 122 (6): 565–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-0070433-0. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 17901982.
5. Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San
Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-6766-X.
6. Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953). "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure
for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Nature 171 (4356): 737–8.
7. Wolfram Saenger, Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, 1984, Springer-Verlag New
York Inc.
8. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and
analysis of the human genome." (PDF). Nature 409 (6822): 860–921.
doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011.
9. Venter, JC, et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome." (PDF). Science 291
(5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040.
PMID 11181995.
10. Elson D (1965). "Metabolism of nucleic acids (macromolecular DNA and RNA)".
Annu. Rev. Biochem. 34: 449–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.34.070165.002313.
PMID 14321176.
11. Gilbert, Walter G. 1980. DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure (Nobel Lecture)
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html
12. Sanger, Frederick. 1980. Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA (Nobel
Lecture) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sangerlecture.html
Wiki development on the course/other resources:
Nucleic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid
Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large biological molecules, essential
for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA ...
Nucleotide - Nucleic acid structure - TNA - Locked nucleic acid
Page 13 of 22
Nucleic Acids - Chemistry
www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/nucacids.htm
Nucleic Acids. 1. Introduction. The first isolation of what we now refer to as DNA was
accomplished by Johann Friedrich Miescher circa 1870. He reported finding ...
nucleic acid (chemical compound) -- Encyclopedia Britannica
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421900/nucleic-acid
nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken
down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases ...
Nucleic Acids - Chemwiki
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu › Biological Chemistry
Oct 1, 2013 - The nucleic acids are informational molecules because their primary
structure contains a code or set of directions by which they can duplicate ...
Visionlearning | Biology | Nucleic Acids
www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Biology/2/Nucleic-Acids/63
by A Carpi - 2002. The nucleic acids are very large molecules that have two main parts.
The backbone of a nucleic acid is made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules ...
Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids
www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/.../nucleic.html
Nucleic acids, built by polymerizing nucleotides, function primarily as informational
molecules for the storage and retrieval of information about the primary ...
Nucleic Acids Problem Set - The Biology Project - University of Arizona
www.biology.arizona.edu/...bio/.../nucleic_acids/nucleic_acids_1.html
Learn the basics about nucleic acids, how they form base pairs, and undergo replication
and translation, as well as the methods and findings of some of the ...
Nucleic Acids — bozemanscience
www.bozemanscience.com/nucleic-acids/
Paul Andersen explains the importance and structure of nucleic acids. He begins with
an introduction to DNA and RNA. He then describes the important parts of ...
Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids - Taylor & Francis Online
www.tandfonline.com › List of Issues
Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. Open Select models; Peer Review
Integrity. ISSN 1525-7770 (Print), 1532-2335 (Online). Publication Frequency
nucleic acid - Wiktionary
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleic_acid
nucleic (of the nucleus) + acid ... nucleic acid (plural nucleic acids) ... biological
macromolecule consisting of multiply repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and ...
Nucleic Acid
cancer.osu.edu › Research › Shared Resources
The Nucleic Acid Shared Resource now has an ionTorrent. Powered by Ion Torrent™
semiconductor chip technology, the Ion Personal Genome Machine™ ...
Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry - Wiley Online Library
onlinelibrary.wiley.com › ... › Cell & Molecular Biology
Published in association with International Society for Nucleosides, Nucleotides &
Nucleic Acids (IS3NA), Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry is the ...
Page 14 of 22
Nucleic Acid Center (NAC)
www.sdu.dk › ... › About SDU › Departments and centres
NAC (Nucleic Acid Center) is a Research Center established in 2001, based on fundings
from The Danish National Research Foundation for studies on Nucleic ...
IS3NA: International Society of Nucleosides, Nucleotides, & Nucleic ...
www.is3na.org/
The International Society of Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids emerged in the
new millennium as an offspring of a continuous chain of successful ...
Exploring Life's Origins: Nucleic Acids
exploringorigins.org/nucleicacids.html
The atmospheric conditions on the early Earth may have played an important role in the
formation of components of nucleic acids, including the sugar ribose and ...
Chemistry for Biologists: Nucleic acids
www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/nucleicacids.htm
Nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are made up
of nucleic acids found in the nuclei of living cells. They are the vehicles of ...
Nucleic acid | Define Nucleic acid at Dictionary.com
dictionary.reference.com/browse/nucleic+acid
any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA,
that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of ...
Solution to Quiz:
Chose the correct answer
1. B 6.
A 11. B
2. D 7.
B 12. C
3. A 8.
A 13. A
4. B 9.
A 14. A
5. D 10. B 15. A
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A
A
C
C
D
21
22
23
24
25
State whether True or False
1. T 6.
T 11 T
2. F 7.
T 12 T
3. T 8.
T 13 T
4. T 9.
T 14 F
5. T 10 T 15 T
Page 15 of 22
B
B
D
B
B
26
27
28
B
B
C
Fill in the Blanks
1. Double helix
6.
Pentose sugar
2. Phosphate
7.
3. CCGAGACTAGGTVAGT 8.
4. 29
9.
5. Ribose
Cytosine
260 & 289 nm
Sugar –
phosphate -base
10 DNA
11 DNA pol
III
12 5’3’
13 Primase
14 Lagging
16 1st
17 5th
18 DNA ligase
19 Hydrogen
bonds
15 2’ -ribose
Answers are only indicative. Expand on the outline given:
1. Give a historical note on the discovery of nucleic acids
The first isolation of what we now refer to as DNA was accomplished by Johann
Friedrich Miescher circa 1870. He reported finding a weakly acidic substance of
unknown function in the nuclei of human white blood cells, and named this material
"nuclein". A few years later, Miescher separated nuclein into protein and nucleic acid
components. In the 1920's nucleic acids were found to be major components of
chromosomes, small gene-carrying bodies in the nuclei of complex cells. Elemental
analysis of nucleic acids showed the presence of phosphorus, in addition to the usual C,
H, N & O. Unlike proteins, nucleic acids contained no sulfur. Complete hydrolysis of
chromosomal nucleic acids gave inorganic phosphate, 2-deoxyribose and four different
heterocyclic bases. To reflect the unusual sugar component, chromosomal nucleic acids
are called deoxyribonucleic acids, abbreviated DNA. Analogous nucleic acids in which
the sugar component is ribose are termed ribonucleic acids, abbreviated RNA. The acidic
character of the nucleic acids was attributed to the phosphoric acid moiety. The two
monocyclic bases are classified as pyrimidines, and the two bicyclic bases are purines.
Each has at least one N-H site at which an organic substituent may be attached. The
corresponding N-glycosides of the common sugar ribose are the building blocks of
RNA, and are named adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine (a thymidine analog
missing the methyl group).
In a second critical study, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase showed that when a
bacterium is infected and genetically transformed by a virus, at least 80% of the viral
DNA enters the bacterial cell and at least 80% of the viral protein remains outside.
Together with the Chargaff findings this work established DNA as the repository of the
unique genetic characteristics of an organism.
Page 16 of 22
2. RNA, a Rifferent Nucleic Acid
The high molecular weight nucleic acid, DNA, is found chiefly in the nuclei of complex
cells, known as eucaryotic cells, or in the nucleoid regions of procaryotic cells, such as
bacteria. It is often associated with proteins that help to pack it in a usable fashion. In
contrast, a lower molecular weight, but much more abundant nucleic acid, RNA, is
distributed throughout the cell, most commonly in small numerous organelles called
ribosomes. Three kinds of RNA are identified, the largest subgroup (85 to 90%) being
ribosomal RNA, rRNA, the major component of ribosomes, together with proteins. The
size of rRNA molecules varies, but is generally less than a thousandth the size of DNA.
The other forms of RNA are messenger RNA, mRNA, and transfer RNA, tRNA. Both
have a more transient existence and are smaller than rRNA. All these RNA's have
similar constitutions, and differ from DNA in two important respects. The sugar
component of RNA is ribose, and the pyrimidine base uracil replaces the thymine base
of DNA. The RNA's play a vital role in the transfer of information (transcription) from
the DNA library to the protein factories called ribosomes, and in the interpretation of
that information (translation) for the synthesis of specific polypeptides.
3. The Secondary Structure of DNA
In the early 1950's the primary structure of DNA was well established, but a firm
understanding of its secondary structure was lacking. It was generally conceded that the
molar equivalences of base pairs (A & T and C & G) discovered by Chargaff would be
an important factor. Rosalind Franklin, working at King's College, London, obtained Xray diffraction evidence that suggested a long helical structure of uniform thickness.
Francis Crick and James Watson, at Cambridge University, considered hydrogen bonded
base pairing interactions, and arrived at a double stranded helical model that satisfied
most of the known facts, and has been confirmed by subsequent findings.
4. Base Pairing
Careful examination of the purine and pyrimidine base components of the nucleotides
reveals that three of them could exist as hydroxy pyrimidine or purine tautomers, having
an aromatic heterocyclic ring. Once they had identified the favored base tautomers in the
nucleosides, Watson and Crick were able to propose a complementary pairing, via
hydrogen bonding, of guanosine (G) with cytidine (C) and adenosine (A) with thymidine
(T). This pairing explained by Chargaff's findings and led them to suggest a double helix
structure for DNA.
Page 17 of 22
5. The Double Helix
After many trials and modifications, Watson and Crick conceived an ingenious double
helix model for the secondary structure of DNA. Two strands of DNA were aligned antiparallel to each other, i.e. with opposite 3' and 5' ends. Complementary primary
nucleotide structures for each strand allowed intra-strand hydrogen bonding between
each pair of bases. Coiling these coupled strands then leads to a double helix structure.
The double helix is further stabilized by hydrophobic attractions and pi-stacking of the
bases. The helix has ten base pairs per turn, and rises 3.4 Å in each turn. This righthanded helix is the favored conformation in aqueous systems, and has been termed the
B-helix. As the DNA strands wind around each other, they leave gaps between each set
of phosphate backbones. Two alternating grooves result, a wide and deep major groove
(ca. 22Å wide), and a shallow and narrow minor groove (ca. 12Å wide). Other helical
structures of DNA have also been observed, and are designated by letters (e.g. A and Z).
Space-Filling Molecular Model
Page 18 of 22
6. DNA Replication
In their 1953 announcement of a double helix structure for DNA, Watson and Crick
stated, "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated
immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material." The
essence of this suggestion is that, if separated, each strand of the molecule might act as a
template on which a new complementary strand might be assembled, leading finally to
two identical DNA molecules. Indeed, replication does take place in this fashion when
cells divide, but the events leading up to the actual synthesis of complementary DNA
strands are sufficiently complex. Once the double stranded DNA is exposed, a group of
enzymes act to accomplish its replication.
The major types of enzymes involved in the DNA replication. These are described
briefly here:
1. Topoisomerase: This enzyme initiates unwinding of the double helix by cutting one
of the strands.
2. Helicase: This enzyme assists the unwinding. Note that many hydrogen bonds must
be broken if the strands are to be separated.
3. SSB: A single-strand binding-protein stabilizes the separated strands, and prevents
them from recombining, so that the polymerization chemistry can function on the
individual strands.
4. DNA Polymerase: This family of enzymes link together nucleotide triphosphate
monomers as they hydrogen bond to complementary bases. These enzymes also
check for errors (roughly ten per billion), and make corrections.
5. Ligase: Small unattached DNA segments on a strand are united by this enzyme.
Polymerization of nucleotides takes place by the phosphorylation reaction. The
polymerization mechanism described here is constant and always extends the
developing DNA segment toward the 3'-end (i.e. when a nucleotide triphosphate
attaches to the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the strand, a new 3'-hydroxyl is generated).
Because of the directional demand of the polymerization, one of the DNA strands is
easily replicated in a continuous fashion, whereas the other strand can only be replicated
in short segmental pieces. Separation of a portion of the double helix takes place at a site
called the replication fork. As replication of the separate strands occurs, the replication
fork moves away, unwinding additional lengths of DNA. This continuously formed new
strand is called the leading strand. In contrast, the replication fork moves toward the 3'end of the original green strand, preventing continuous polymerization of a
complementary new red strand. Short segments of complementary DNA, called Okazaki
fragments, are produced, and these are linked together later by the enzyme ligase. This
new DNA strand is called the lagging strand.
Page 19 of 22
The efficiency of DNA replication must be extraordinary. The procedure described
above will replicate about 50 nucleotides per second, so there must be many thousand
such replication sites in action during cell division. A given length of double stranded
DNA may undergo strand unwinding at numerous sites in response to promoter actions.
The unraveled "bubble" of single stranded DNA has two replication forks, so assembly
of new complementary strands may proceed in two directions. The polymerizations
associated with several such bubbles fuse together to achieve full replication of the entire
DNA double helix.
7. Repair of DNA Damage and Replication Errors
One of the benefits of the double stranded DNA structure is that it lends itself to repair,
when structural damage or replication errors occur. Several kinds of chemical change
may cause damage to DNA:
• Spontaneous hydrolysis of a nucleoside removes the heterocyclic base component.
• Spontaneous hydrolysis of cytosine changes it to a uracil.
• Various toxic metabolites may oxidize or methylate heterocyclic base components.
• Ultraviolet light may dimerize adjacent cytosine or thymine bases.
All these transformations disrupt base pairing at the site of the change, and this produces
a structural deformation in the double helix. Inspection-repair enzymes detect such
deformations, and use the undamaged nucleotide at that site as a template for replacing
the damaged unit. These repairs reduce errors in DNA structure from about one in ten
million to one per trillion.
Page 20 of 22
8. The Central Dogma and Transcription
Francis Crick proposed that information flows from DNA to RNA in a process called
transcription, and is then used to synthesize polypeptides by a process called
translation. Transcription takes place in a manner similar to DNA replication. A
characteristic sequence of nucleotides marks the beginning of a gene on the DNA strand,
and this region binds to a promoter protein that initiates RNA synthesis. The double
stranded structure unwinds at the promoter site, and one of the strands serves as a
template for RNA formation. The RNA molecule thus formed is single stranded, and
serves to carry information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery called
ribosomes. These RNA molecules are therefore called messenger-RNA (mRNA).
An important distinction must be made here. One of the DNA strands in the double helix
holds the genetic information used for protein synthesis. This is called the sense strand,
or information strand. The complementary strand that binds to the sense strand is called
the anti-sense strand, and it serves as a template for generating mRNA molecule that
delivers a copy of the sense strand information to a ribosome. The promoter protein
binds to a specific nucleotide sequence that identifies the sense strand, relative to the
anti-sense strand. RNA synthesis is then initiated in the 3' direction, as nucleotide
triphosphates bind to complementary bases on the template strand, and are joined by
phosphate diester linkages.
The Central Dogma of molecular biology, which at first was formulated as a simple
linear progression of information from DNA to RNA to Protein, is summarized in the
following illustration. The replication process on the left consists of passing information
from a parent DNA molecule to daughter molecules. The middle transcription process
copies this information to a mRNA molecule. Finally, this information is used by the
chemical machinery of the ribosome to make
polypeptides.
As more has been learned about these
relationships, the central dogma has been refined
to the representation displayed on the right. The
dark blue arrows show the general, well
demonstrated, information transfers noted above.
It is now known that an RNA-dependent DNA
polymerase enzyme, known as a reverse
transcriptase, is able to transcribe a single-stranded
RNA sequence into double-stranded DNA (magenta arrow). Direct translation of DNA
information into protein synthesis has not yet been observed in a living organism.
Finally, proteins appear to be an informational dead end, and do not provide a structural
blueprint for either RNA or DNA.
Page 21 of 22
9. Discuss briefly on the Biosynthesis and degradation of Nucleic acids
Nucleotides are synthesized from readily available precursors in the cell. The ribose
phosphate portion of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is synthesized from glucose
via the pentose phosphate pathway. The six-atom pyrimidine ring is synthesized first and
subsequently attached to the ribose phosphate. The two rings in purines are synthesized
while attached to the ribose phosphate during the assembly of adenine or guanine
nucleosides. In both cases the end product is a nucleotide carrying a phosphate attached
to the 5′ carbon on the sugar. Finally, a specialized enzyme called a kinase adds two
phosphate groups using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the phosphate donor to form
ribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of RNA. For DNA, the 2′-hydroxyl
group is removed from the ribonucleoside diphosphate to give deoxyribonucleoside
diphosphate. An additional phosphate group from ATP is then added by another kinase
to form a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of DNA. During
normal cell metabolism, RNA is constantly being made and broken down. The purine
and pyrimidine residues are reused by several salvage pathways to make more genetic
material. Purine is salvaged in the form of the corresponding nucleotide, whereas
pyrimidine is salvaged as the nucleoside.
Page 22 of 22