Download Substitute Teacher Friday, November 13 th , 2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS:
• Unit #3 – Human Body Systems
• Substitute Teacher Friday, November 6th, 2015 (I will be in building)
• NO SCHOOL
(Veteran’s Day)
• Substitute Teacher Friday, November 13th, 2015 (G/T Class)
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Welcome to HMS 2015-2016
List at least 5 organs through which food passes as it travels through the
gastrointestinal tract.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
(Take Pretest)
Digestion– the process of breaking down nutrients into molecules the body can
use.
Alimentary Canal – also known as the gastrointestinal tract, is a long, winding
tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.
Mastication– the grinding or crushing of food with the teeth (chewing).
Peristalsis – the wavelike series of rhythmic smooth muscular contractions
and relaxations to transport food between digestive organs.
Prehension – the process of seizing or grasping and manipulating food in the
mouth.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models.
6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE MOUTH
The mouth is the initial phase of both mechanical and chemical digestion. The
teeth begin the process of mechanical digestion; the incisors –sharp front teethcuts the food, while molars –broad, flat back teeth- grind it up. Chemical
digestion, through saliva’s digestive enzymes, involves a change in the chemical
nature of the nutrients. Saliva is also beneficial in lubricating the bolus (Latin
‘ball’) for smoother swallowing.
PHARYNX & ESOPHAGUS
After food has been thoroughly chewed, moistened, and rolled into a bolus, it is
forced into the pharynx by swallowing action. The pharynx, an open area that
begins at the back of the mouth, and serves as a passageway for both air and
food. The epiglottis is the little flap of tissue at the back of the throat that
prevents food from entering the trachea - or windpipe - during swallowing.
Alternating contracting and relaxing of the esophagus pushes the bolus from the
pharynx to the stomach.
THE STOMACH
An organ involved in both mechanical & chemical digestion, and is located in the
upper left side of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. The walls of
the stomach have several layers of smooth muscle – a circular layer, a diagonal
layer, and a longitudinal layer. These muscles of the stomach work together to
churn the contents. This churning helps the stomach to carry out mechanical
digestion. The sound you hear when your stomach ‘growls’ are made by the
contractions of smooth muscles that form the walls of your stomach when it has
been empty for some time.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models.
6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
The liver, the largest organ in the body located to the right of the stomach,
performs the functions that aids in storing glucose, making proteins, and
breaking down toxic substances such as alcohol. The liver also secretes bile – a
substance that breaks down fat globules into a milky fluid in which fats are
suspended.
The gallbladder is a saclike organ that stores and concentrates bile. When chyme
is present in the small intestines, the gallbladder releases bile into the small
intestine.
The pancreas is an organ that serves 2 roles: First, it produces calcium
bicarbonate (CaCO2), which neutralizes stomach acid in order to NOT eat the
small intestine. Secondly, is produces digestive enzymes to break down
nutrients.
These 3 organs produces digestive enzymes: amylase – carbohydrates, protase –
proteins, lipase – lipids (fats).
SMALL INTESTINE
If stretched to full length the small intestine would be about 21 feet long. The
duodenum, the first section on this coiled tube makes up only 10 in. Secretions
from the liver and pancreas enter the duodenum, where they continue the
chemical digestion of chyme and release large quantities of protective mucus.
During absorption, the end products of digestion – amino acids, glycerol, & fatty
acids – passed into blood through fingerlike structures called villi. Amino acids
and other nutrients enter the capillaries and are carried to the liver, which then
neutralizes many toxic substances in the blood & remove excess glucose.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models.
6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, ANUS
After absorption in the small intestine is complete, peristalsis moves the
remaining material on to the large intestine – or colon, the final organ of
digestion. Most of the absorption of nutrients and water is completed in the
small intestine (about 9 L H2O in small intestine vs. only 0.5 L in large intestine).
Slow contractions move material in the colon toward the rectum. Distension
(enlargement/ballooning effect) of the colon initiates contractions that move the
material out of the body. As this matter moves through the colon, the
absorption of water solidifies the mass. The solidified mass is called feces.
As the fecal matter solidifies, cells lining the large intestine secrete mucus to
lubricate the intestinal wall. This lubrication makes the passing of the feces less
abrasive. Mucus also binds together the fecal matter, which is ten eliminated
through the anus.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models.
6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:
SKIN
The skin is the human body’s largest organ. Subjected to a lifetime of wear and
tear, the layers of skin are capable of repairing themselves. Skin contains sensory
receptors that monitor the external environment, and mechanisms that rid the
body of wastes. The skin is comprised of 2 layers – the epidermis and the dermis.
EPIDERMIS
• The epidermis, or the outermost layer of skin, is comprised of many
sheets of flattened, scaly epithelial cells.
• It’s top layers are made of mostly dead cells, scraped or rubbed away
constantly & replaced by rapidly dividing skin cells underneath.
• PROTEINS OF THE SKIN:
Keratin – gives skin its rough/leathery texture & waterproofing.
Melanin – the brown pigment that gives skin its color and
provides protection against sunlight.
DERMIS
• The dermis, or inner layer of skin, is composed of living cells and
specialized structures:
- Sensory neurons – sense signals from the environment
(heat/pressure)
- Blood vessels – provide nourishment & regulate temperature.
- Muscle fibers – attached to hair follicles that contract (cold/afraid)
- Hair follicles – help create a micro-environment for regulation.
- Glands – releases secretions through ducts to release – oils
(sebum), salts, urea, excess water.
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models.
6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.
NAILS
HAIR
ID CCSS STANDARDS:
6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models.
6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.
9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.