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ANNOUNCEMENTS: • Unit #3 – Human Body Systems • Substitute Teacher Friday, November 6th, 2015 (I will be in building) • NO SCHOOL (Veteran’s Day) • Substitute Teacher Friday, November 13th, 2015 (G/T Class) __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Welcome to HMS 2015-2016 List at least 5 organs through which food passes as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: (Take Pretest) Digestion– the process of breaking down nutrients into molecules the body can use. Alimentary Canal – also known as the gastrointestinal tract, is a long, winding tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. Mastication– the grinding or crushing of food with the teeth (chewing). Peristalsis – the wavelike series of rhythmic smooth muscular contractions and relaxations to transport food between digestive organs. Prehension – the process of seizing or grasping and manipulating food in the mouth. ID CCSS STANDARDS: 6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models. 6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. 9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis. THE MOUTH The mouth is the initial phase of both mechanical and chemical digestion. The teeth begin the process of mechanical digestion; the incisors –sharp front teethcuts the food, while molars –broad, flat back teeth- grind it up. Chemical digestion, through saliva’s digestive enzymes, involves a change in the chemical nature of the nutrients. Saliva is also beneficial in lubricating the bolus (Latin ‘ball’) for smoother swallowing. PHARYNX & ESOPHAGUS After food has been thoroughly chewed, moistened, and rolled into a bolus, it is forced into the pharynx by swallowing action. The pharynx, an open area that begins at the back of the mouth, and serves as a passageway for both air and food. The epiglottis is the little flap of tissue at the back of the throat that prevents food from entering the trachea - or windpipe - during swallowing. Alternating contracting and relaxing of the esophagus pushes the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach. THE STOMACH An organ involved in both mechanical & chemical digestion, and is located in the upper left side of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. The walls of the stomach have several layers of smooth muscle – a circular layer, a diagonal layer, and a longitudinal layer. These muscles of the stomach work together to churn the contents. This churning helps the stomach to carry out mechanical digestion. The sound you hear when your stomach ‘growls’ are made by the contractions of smooth muscles that form the walls of your stomach when it has been empty for some time. ID CCSS STANDARDS: 6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models. 6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. 9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis. THE LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS The liver, the largest organ in the body located to the right of the stomach, performs the functions that aids in storing glucose, making proteins, and breaking down toxic substances such as alcohol. The liver also secretes bile – a substance that breaks down fat globules into a milky fluid in which fats are suspended. The gallbladder is a saclike organ that stores and concentrates bile. When chyme is present in the small intestines, the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine. The pancreas is an organ that serves 2 roles: First, it produces calcium bicarbonate (CaCO2), which neutralizes stomach acid in order to NOT eat the small intestine. Secondly, is produces digestive enzymes to break down nutrients. These 3 organs produces digestive enzymes: amylase – carbohydrates, protase – proteins, lipase – lipids (fats). SMALL INTESTINE If stretched to full length the small intestine would be about 21 feet long. The duodenum, the first section on this coiled tube makes up only 10 in. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter the duodenum, where they continue the chemical digestion of chyme and release large quantities of protective mucus. During absorption, the end products of digestion – amino acids, glycerol, & fatty acids – passed into blood through fingerlike structures called villi. Amino acids and other nutrients enter the capillaries and are carried to the liver, which then neutralizes many toxic substances in the blood & remove excess glucose. ID CCSS STANDARDS: 6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models. 6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. 9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis. LARGE INTESTINE, RECTUM, ANUS After absorption in the small intestine is complete, peristalsis moves the remaining material on to the large intestine – or colon, the final organ of digestion. Most of the absorption of nutrients and water is completed in the small intestine (about 9 L H2O in small intestine vs. only 0.5 L in large intestine). Slow contractions move material in the colon toward the rectum. Distension (enlargement/ballooning effect) of the colon initiates contractions that move the material out of the body. As this matter moves through the colon, the absorption of water solidifies the mass. The solidified mass is called feces. As the fecal matter solidifies, cells lining the large intestine secrete mucus to lubricate the intestinal wall. This lubrication makes the passing of the feces less abrasive. Mucus also binds together the fecal matter, which is ten eliminated through the anus. ID CCSS STANDARDS: 6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models. 6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. 9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: SKIN The skin is the human body’s largest organ. Subjected to a lifetime of wear and tear, the layers of skin are capable of repairing themselves. Skin contains sensory receptors that monitor the external environment, and mechanisms that rid the body of wastes. The skin is comprised of 2 layers – the epidermis and the dermis. EPIDERMIS • The epidermis, or the outermost layer of skin, is comprised of many sheets of flattened, scaly epithelial cells. • It’s top layers are made of mostly dead cells, scraped or rubbed away constantly & replaced by rapidly dividing skin cells underneath. • PROTEINS OF THE SKIN: Keratin – gives skin its rough/leathery texture & waterproofing. Melanin – the brown pigment that gives skin its color and provides protection against sunlight. DERMIS • The dermis, or inner layer of skin, is composed of living cells and specialized structures: - Sensory neurons – sense signals from the environment (heat/pressure) - Blood vessels – provide nourishment & regulate temperature. - Muscle fibers – attached to hair follicles that contract (cold/afraid) - Hair follicles – help create a micro-environment for regulation. - Glands – releases secretions through ducts to release – oils (sebum), salts, urea, excess water. ID CCSS STANDARDS: 6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models. 6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. 9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis. NAILS HAIR ID CCSS STANDARDS: 6.S.1.6.4 Use evidence to analyze data in order to develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models. 6.S.1.6.6 Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. 9-10.B.1.2. Develop scientific explanations based on knowledge, logic and analysis.