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Chapter 10/11
Civil War
Why it Matters
• The Civil War was a milestone in American
history. The four-year-long struggle
determined the nation’s future. With the
North’s victory, slavery was abolished. During
the war, the Northern economy grew stronger,
while the Southern economy stagnated.
Military innovations, including the expanded
use of railroads and the telegraph, coupled
with a general conscription, made the Civil
War the first “modern” war.
Choosing Sides
• General Winfield Scott asked Robert E. Lee to
command the Union’s troops.
• Lee was one of the best senior officers in the
United States Army, but he was from Virginia,
so when his state voted to secede, Lee chose
to support the Confederacy.
• The South had a strong military tradition and
one-third of the Union’s military officers chose
to support the Confederacy.
Robert E. Lee
Choosing Sides
• Seven of the eight military colleges were in
the South, so the South had a large number
of trained army officers.
• The North had three-fourths of the U.S. Navy’s
officers and had a strong naval tradition.
• Most of the navy’s warships and all but one
shipyard were under Union control.
Advantages and Disadvantages
• The North’s population was more than twice
as large as the South’s population.
• This gave the North an advantage in raising an
army and in supporting the war.
• One-third of the South’s population was
enslaved.
• Therefore, the South had fewer people to join
the army and to support the war.
Advantages and Disadvantages
• The North’s industries gave it an economic
advantage over the South.
• The North had 80 percent of the country’s
factories.
• Almost all of the country’s firearms and
gunpowder were produced in the North.
• After the war began, the South quickly set up
armories and foundries to produce weapons,
gunpowder, and ammunition.
Advantages and Disadvantages
• The South was able to produce large amounts
of food.
• The South had only one railroad line for
moving food and troops, however.
• Northern troops easily disrupted the South’s
rail system.
• The North had several financial advantages
over the South.
Advantages and Disadvantages
• The North controlled the national treasury and
was able to continue collecting money from
tariffs.
• Northern banks loaned the federal government
money by buying govt. bonds.
• Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February
1862.
• This created a national currency and allowed the
govt. to issue green-colored paper money
known as greenbacks.
Advantages and Disadvantages
• The South’s finances were not good to start
and Southern planters and banks could not
buy bonds.
• To raise money, the South taxed its own
people.
• Many Southerners refused to pay the taxes.
• The South was forced to print its own paper
money, which caused rapid inflation in the
South.
Advantages
• North
• Population:
– 22 million vs 5 million
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Manufacturing
Railroads
Political Leaders
Border States
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South
Military Leaders
Defensive War
Farming
Belief in their cause
Possible support of
England & France
Party Politics in the North
• Lincoln’s goal was to preserve the Union, even
if that meant allowing slavery to continue.
• The War Democrats supported the Civil War
and restoring the Union. They opposed
ending slavery.
• The Peace Democrats, referred to by
Republicans as Copperheads, opposed the
war. They wanted to reunite the states by
using negotiation.
Party Politics in the North
• In 1862 Congress introduced a militia law that
required states to use conscription – the
drafting of people for military service – to fill
their regiments.
• Many Democrats opposed the law, and riots
erupted in many cities.
• To enforce the militia law, Lincoln suspended
writs of habeas corpus – a person’s right not
to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime
and given a trial.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
• Lincoln arrests
secessionists in
border states
• Jails them without
charging them
• Violation of the
Constitutional
powers
The Diplomatic Challenge
• The United States did not want Europeans to
recognize the Confederate States of America
as an independent country and to respect the
Union navy’s blockade of Southern ports.
• The South wanted Europeans to recognize
the Confederacy and declare the Union
navy’s blockade illegal.
• The South wanted the British navy to help
the South in the war.
The Diplomatic Challenge
• To pressure France and Britain, Southern
planters stopped selling cotton to these
countries.
• At the outbreak of the Civil War, what did
Confederates want from Europeans?
• Confederates wanted Europeans to recognize
the Confederacy and declare the Union navy’s
blockade illegal. They wanted Europeans to
help the South in the war.
The First “Modern” War
• The Civil War was the first “modern” war,
with new military technology and tactics.
• The war involved huge armies made up of
mostly civilian volunteers who required vast
amounts of supplies and equipment.
• New cone-shaped bullets used in the Civil
War were more accurate and could be loaded
and fired faster than previous bullets.
Technological Advance
• Cone-Shaped
Bullets
Exploding Shells
Repeating Rifles
–Goal: Kill more people from farther away
Ironclads
• Monitor (N) vs
Merrimack (S)
• Metal hulled ships
• Made all wooden
ships obsolete
The First “Modern” War
• Instead of standing in a line, troops defending
positions in the Civil War began to use
trenches and barricades to protect themselves
• Attrition – the wearing down of one side by
the other through exhaustion of soldiers and
resources – meant that the armies had to
keep replacing their soldiers.
The First “Modern” War
• The Union implemented the Anaconda Plan.
• This strategy, proposed by Winfield Scott,
included a blockade of Confederate ports and
sending gunboats down the Mississippi to
divide the Confederacy.
Northern Strategy
• Anaconda Plan
Cut the south off from
all supplies
How?
Naval Blockade on
southern ports and gain
control of the
Mississippi River
Mobilizing the Troops
• Thomas J. Jackson got his nickname –
“Stonewall” at the First Battle of Bull Run.
• At first, many Northern and Southern men
enlisted in the armies. As the war dragged on,
fewer young men enlisted.
• The South introduced conscription in April
1862.
Mobilizing the Troops
• Congress passed the Militia Act in July 1862,
giving Lincoln the power to call state militias
into federal service.
• In 1863 Congress introduced a national draft.
The Naval War
• By the spring of 1862, the Union navy had
blockaded all Confederate ports, except for
Charleston, South Carolina, and Wilmington,
North Carolina.
• Lincoln wanted to cut the South’s trade with the
world.
• The Union navy, however, could not stop all of
the blockade runners – small, fast vessels, used
by the South to smuggle goods past the blockade.
Antietam
• Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis believed
that an invasion of the North was the only way
to convince the Union to accept the South’s
independence, gain help from Great Britain,
and help the Peace Democrats win control of
Congress in upcoming elections.
• Lee and his troops invaded Maryland.
• The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest
one-day battle of the war.
Antietam Confederate Dead
Sunken Road - Antietam
The Battle of Antietam
• This was an important victory for the Union.
• The South lost its best chance to gain
international recognition and support. The
defeat convinced Lincoln that it was time to
end slavery in the South.
• In September of 1862, Abraham Lincoln,
encouraged by the Union victory at Antietam,
announced that he would issue the
Emancipation Proclamation,
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Democrats opposed the end of slavery.
• Republicans were divided on the issue and
many were abolitionists.
• Others, like Lincoln, did not want to lose the
loyalty of the slaveholding border states.
• As Union casualties rose, however,
Northerners began to agree that slavery
should end.
The Emancipation Proclamation
• This decree would free all enslaved persons
in states still in rebellion after January 1,
1863.
• The Emancipation Proclamation changed the
Civil War from a conflict over preserving the
Union to a war to free the slaves.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Issued Sept 1862
• Effective Jan 1863
• Freed slaves in states
fighting against the U.S.
• North now fighting to
end slavery
– Discouraged England &
France from helping the
South
African Americans in the Military
• African Americans were officially allowed to enlist
in the Union army and navy as a result of the
Emancipation Proclamation.
• Thousands of African Americans joined the
military.
• Many believed that serving in the military would
help end discrimination.
• The 54th Massachusetts was the first African
American regiment officially organized in the
North.
54th Massachusetts - Fort Wagner
Military Life
• The Civil War produced huge numbers of
casualties.
• During this time, doctors did not understand
infectious germs, so infection spread quickly in
field hospitals.
• Diseases such as smallpox and pneumonia
were threats facing Civil War soldiers.
Military Life
• Doctors often amputated arms and legs to
prevent gangrene and other infections from
spreading.
• Besides managing family farms and
businesses, women contributed to the Civil
War by serving as nurses to the wounded at
the battlefield.
Field Amputation
Military Life
• In 1861 Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female
physician in the United States, started the
nation’s first training program for nurses.
• Clara Barton and many other women in both
the North and the South nursed soldiers on
the battlefield.
• The Civil War was a turning point for the
nursing profession in the United States.
Clara Barton
Military Life
• At first, the Union and the Confederacy agreed
to formal prisoner exchanges.
• After the Emancipation Proclamation, the
South refused to recognize freed African
Americans as soldiers and would not exchange
them for Southern white prisoners.
• Instead, the South would either re-enslave or
execute African American prisoners.
Military Life
• In response, Lincoln stopped all prisoner
exchanges.
• What role did women play in the Civil War?
• Women managed family farms and businesses
and served as nurses on the battlefields.
The War in the West
• Seizing the Mississippi River was an important
strategy of the Union navy because it would
divide the Confederacy and hurt the cotton
trade.
• After the Mississippi River was in the hands of
the Union, they turned their sites to the east.
• The Union would totally destroy Atlanta and
then head for the Confederate Capital,
Richmond, Virginia.
Vicksburg Falls
• Union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg,
Mississippi, in order to gain control of the
Mississippi River and cut the South in two.
• As the troops marched toward Vicksburg,
General Grant ordered his troops to live off
the country by foraging – searching and
raiding for food.
Vicksburg Falls
• Grant and his Union forces put Vicksburg
under siege – cut off its food and supplies
and bombarded the city – until the
Confederate troops surrendered on July 4,
1863.
• The Union victory cut the Confederacy in
two.
The Road to Gettysburg
• General Lee took his army into Pennsylvania in
the hopes of gaining a victory that would force
the Union into a treaty.
• July 1, 1863 Confederate forces took control of
Gettysburg, PA and forced the Union forces
there into the hills south of the city.
• July 2, 1863 Lee attacked but the Union forces
held their ground.
Gettysburg Day 1
Gettysburg Dead
The Road to Gettysburg
• On July 3, 1863 Lee ordered an attack by
15,000 men across open farmland toward the
ridge where Union forces stood.
• This became known as Pickett’s Charge.
• In less than half an hour, the Union forces
used cannons and guns to inflict 7,000
casualties on the Confederate force.
Pickett’s Charge
The Road to Gettysburg
• Gettysburg cost the Union 23,000 casualties and
the Confederates had 28,000 – a third of Lee’s
army.
• The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point
of the war.
• President Lincoln came to Gettysburg in
November 1863 to dedicate part of the
battlefield as a military cemetery.
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address became one of the
best-known speeches in American history.
Gettysburg Address
• Abraham Lincoln’s
Speech
• Goal: “Preserve the
Union”
• Greatest Speech in
American history
(my opinion)
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought
forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in
liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so
dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great
battlefield of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a
final resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we
cannot consecrate. . . we cannot hallow this
ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it
can never forget what they did here.
It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to
the unfinished work which they who fought here have
thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us.
. .that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last
full measure of devotion. . . that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . .
that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom. . . and that government of the people. . .by
the people. . .for the people. . . shall not perish from
the earth.
Gettysburg Aftermath
• The Battle of Gettysburg cost General Lee a
third of his Confederate forces. For the rest of
the war, Lee’s forces remained on the
defensive, slowly giving ground to the
advancing Union army. The Union’s victory
strengthened the Republicans politically and
ensured that the British would not recognize
the Confederacy.
Grant
• President Lincoln had made many changes to
his general in chief because they could not
defeat Lee completely. After U.S. Grant
secured Tennessee Lincoln made him general
in chief.
• Grant was not afraid to use a lot of men in his
attacks. He knew he would take a lot of
casualties, but he also knew he could afford to
lose more men then Lee.
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant Versus Lee
• General Grant started a campaign against
General Robert E. Lee’s forces in which
warfare would continue without pause.
• Grant ordered attack after attack with many
different generals attacking in many different
places.
• Grant knew that if he did not give Lee time to
rest and reorganize he would be able to wear
him down.
Union Victories in the South
• Grant did not have to win every battle, he just
had to inflict casualties and keep Lee occupied.
• Grant sent General Sherman from Chattanooga
toward Atlanta where he burned and destroyed
everything in his path including Atlanta itself.
• Sherman’s troops destroyed the railroads by
heating and twisting the rails into snarls of steel
nicknamed “Sherman neckties.”
Atlanta in Ruins
The South Surrenders
• The capture of Atlanta came in time for
Lincoln’s re-election.
• Lincoln considered his re-election a, mandate
or a clear sign from the voters, to end slavery
by amending the Constitution.
• The Thirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution, banning slavery in the United
States, passed the House of Representatives
on January 31, 1865.
The South Surrenders
• General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General
Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9,
1865.
• On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot
and killed Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.
• Lincoln’s death shocked the nation.
• The Civil War saved the Union and
strengthened the power of the federal
government over the states.
Lincoln
• 5 days after the war
is over:
• Lincoln shot & killed
• Hurts the south’s
chances of easy
return
The South Surrenders
• It changed American society by ending the
enslavement of African Americans.
• The South’s society and economy were
devastated.
Reviewing Key Facts
• What were the military advantages of the
North and South at the start of the Civil War?
• The North had more men able to serve in the
military and more people working to support
the war; more resources for manufacturing
clothing, weapons, and gunpowder; and more
money to finance the war. The South had a
large number of trained military officers and
was capable of producing its own food.
Significant Battles
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1st Bull Run: 1861
Confederate Victory
Significance:
1st major battle of the
war
• North realizes this won’t
be a short war
Significant Battles
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•
•
•
Shiloh: 1862
Union Victory
Significance:
Bloodiest day of the war
to that point
• Lincoln gains respect for
Grant
Significant Battles
•
•
•
•
Antietam: 1862
Union Victory
Significance:
Bloodiest single day of
fighting
• No British support for the
South
• Lincoln’s Emancipation
Proclamation
Significant Battles
•
•
•
•
Vicksburg: 1863
Union Victory
Significance:
Union controls the
Mississippi River
• Splits the
Confederacy in half
Significant Battles
• Gettysburg: 1863
– Union Victory
• Significance:
• Turning point of the war
• Southern army
devastated
Gettysburg Casualties
West Virginia
• Life in the northwestern counties of Virginia
was very different from life in the lowland
areas. Small farms, not plantations worked by
enslaved persons, dominated the landscape.
The northwestern Virginians did not see why
they should leave the Union to protect the
rights of slaveholders. In August 1861 the
northwest counties broke away to apply for
statehood and on June 20, 1863 West Virginia
became the thirty-fifth state.