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Chemistry 111/112 The Nature of Covalent Bonding The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding In the case of covalent bonding, electrons are shared between atoms in order to achieve a noble gas configuration One shared pair of electrons between atoms is a single covalent bond Ex. H2, Cl2, H2O Structural Formulas The two dots that represent the shared pair can be substituted with a dash A structural formula represents the covalent bonds by dashes and shows the arrangement of covalently bonded atoms Any pairs of e- that are not involved in sharing are called lone pairs Double and Triple Covalent Bonds Atoms may form double or triple bonds if there is an abundance of single e Two shared pairs = double covalent bond Three shared pairs = triple covalent bond Some molecules contain double bonds (O2) and some contain triple bonds (N2). Structural Formulas Take a look at carbon dioxide… When lone pairs come in handy… Sometimes, a lone pair has to be used in the place of a shared pair in order to create a stable octet These are called coordinate covalent bonds Ex. CO Polyatomic Ions Sometimes, two or more atoms come together and form covalent bonds between each other. They have an overall charge In the case of ammonium, covalent bonds are used as well as coordinate covalent bonds. Ex. Page 223 For the remainder of class… Guided reading for section 8.2 Question 21 – page 229