4.1 PROPORTIONS IN COMPOUNDS
... Since the concepts of “pure” C-12 and “exactly” 12 g are imaginary, there is no pretense in the scientific community that we will ever know the “exact” value for Avogadro’s constant. The mole is a purely theoretical definition. As technology improves, we are, of course, able to determine the value t ...
... Since the concepts of “pure” C-12 and “exactly” 12 g are imaginary, there is no pretense in the scientific community that we will ever know the “exact” value for Avogadro’s constant. The mole is a purely theoretical definition. As technology improves, we are, of course, able to determine the value t ...
Studies of Nanocrystalline SnO2 Doped with Titanium (Ti), Yttrium (Y
... Nanocrystalline materials of defect free anatase and rutile SnO2 together with Ti and Y in anatase SnO2 have been modelled successfully using classical molecular dynamics simulations together with Buckingham potential. The structural properties of these SnO2 phases were analysed using radial distrib ...
... Nanocrystalline materials of defect free anatase and rutile SnO2 together with Ti and Y in anatase SnO2 have been modelled successfully using classical molecular dynamics simulations together with Buckingham potential. The structural properties of these SnO2 phases were analysed using radial distrib ...
Calculations In Chemistry Modules 8 to 10
... (hydrogen) has a mass close to one gram, simplifies the arithmetic in problems with other atoms, especially when we convert between grams and moles. That’s our goal: to calculate a count of particles by measuring their mass on a balance or scale. Counting the particles is important because in chemic ...
... (hydrogen) has a mass close to one gram, simplifies the arithmetic in problems with other atoms, especially when we convert between grams and moles. That’s our goal: to calculate a count of particles by measuring their mass on a balance or scale. Counting the particles is important because in chemic ...
Electronic-structure calculations by first-principles
... long-range terms ~the local part of the pseudopotential and Hartree potential! are easily treated in reciprocal space using fast Fourier transforms. This implicitly relies on a uniform real space grid. The short-range exchange-correlation contribution is also calculated on the same uniform real spac ...
... long-range terms ~the local part of the pseudopotential and Hartree potential! are easily treated in reciprocal space using fast Fourier transforms. This implicitly relies on a uniform real space grid. The short-range exchange-correlation contribution is also calculated on the same uniform real spac ...
Ab-initio calculations for structural properties of Zr–Nb alloys
... 2. Models of the structures studied and research methods It is known that zirconium at low temperatures (< 863◦C) is characterized by β-phase (HCP structure), whereas niobium has BCC structure. Hence, it is only natural to expect that alloys Zr– x Nb will have HCP structure at low niobium concentrat ...
... 2. Models of the structures studied and research methods It is known that zirconium at low temperatures (< 863◦C) is characterized by β-phase (HCP structure), whereas niobium has BCC structure. Hence, it is only natural to expect that alloys Zr– x Nb will have HCP structure at low niobium concentrat ...
Quadratic solitons: recent developments
... Ideally, once a soliton has been generated, the energy exchange between the waves that parametrically interact in the crystal ceases, and the envelopes of all waves are phase-locked, regardless the existing material wave vector mismatch. Thus, two key parameters that dictate the formation of quadrat ...
... Ideally, once a soliton has been generated, the energy exchange between the waves that parametrically interact in the crystal ceases, and the envelopes of all waves are phase-locked, regardless the existing material wave vector mismatch. Thus, two key parameters that dictate the formation of quadrat ...
Novel method of generation of Ca(HCO3)2 and CaCO3 aerosols
... However, most of the mineral dust components are characterized by very low solubility which makes atomization from solution difficult. Vlasenko et al. (2006) have used atomization of a saturated solution of CaCO3 to produce CaCO3 aerosol. However due to the low solubility of CaCO3 in water, the numb ...
... However, most of the mineral dust components are characterized by very low solubility which makes atomization from solution difficult. Vlasenko et al. (2006) have used atomization of a saturated solution of CaCO3 to produce CaCO3 aerosol. However due to the low solubility of CaCO3 in water, the numb ...
5 How Chemists Measure Atoms and Molecules
... samples of material, scientists have created a unit that allows such quantities to be more conveniently expressed. This unit is the mole (mol). The mole is a counting unit like the dozen and is linked to the reference point (12C) of the atomic weight system. One mole is defined as the number of atom ...
... samples of material, scientists have created a unit that allows such quantities to be more conveniently expressed. This unit is the mole (mol). The mole is a counting unit like the dozen and is linked to the reference point (12C) of the atomic weight system. One mole is defined as the number of atom ...
5 How Chemists Measure Atoms and Molecules
... samples of material, scientists have created a unit that allows such quantities to be more conveniently expressed. This unit is the mole (mol). The mole is a counting unit like the dozen and is linked to the reference point (12C) of the atomic weight system. One mole is defined as the number of atom ...
... samples of material, scientists have created a unit that allows such quantities to be more conveniently expressed. This unit is the mole (mol). The mole is a counting unit like the dozen and is linked to the reference point (12C) of the atomic weight system. One mole is defined as the number of atom ...
5 How Chemists Measure Atoms and Molecules
... samples of material, scientists have created a unit that allows such quantities to be more conveniently expressed. This unit is the mole (mol). The mole is a counting unit like the dozen and is linked to the reference point (12C) of the atomic weight system. One mole is defined as the number of atom ...
... samples of material, scientists have created a unit that allows such quantities to be more conveniently expressed. This unit is the mole (mol). The mole is a counting unit like the dozen and is linked to the reference point (12C) of the atomic weight system. One mole is defined as the number of atom ...
hygroscopic properties of aerosols. investigations of particles from
... individual particles. This study focussed on the characterisation of hygroscopic properties of different aerosol types, including a fresh jet engine combustion aerosol, a continentalrural aerosol at the background station K-puszta, Hungary, and an aged free tropospheric (FT) aerosol at the Swiss hig ...
... individual particles. This study focussed on the characterisation of hygroscopic properties of different aerosol types, including a fresh jet engine combustion aerosol, a continentalrural aerosol at the background station K-puszta, Hungary, and an aged free tropospheric (FT) aerosol at the Swiss hig ...
Perspectives on the Physical Chemistry of
... without reference to their size. It is only in the regime below 10 nm where this variable comes into play. In the past decade, tailoring of materials characteristics by size control has been demonstrated in many inorganic solids belonging to one of the most technologically important classes of mater ...
... without reference to their size. It is only in the regime below 10 nm where this variable comes into play. In the past decade, tailoring of materials characteristics by size control has been demonstrated in many inorganic solids belonging to one of the most technologically important classes of mater ...
Chapter 10: The Mole
... 1811, determined the volume of 1 mol of a gas. In this book, Avogadro’s number is rounded to three significant figures, 6.02 × 10 23. To count extremely small particles, such as atoms, Avogadro’s number must be an enormous quantity. As you might imagine, Avogadro’s number would not be convenient for ...
... 1811, determined the volume of 1 mol of a gas. In this book, Avogadro’s number is rounded to three significant figures, 6.02 × 10 23. To count extremely small particles, such as atoms, Avogadro’s number must be an enormous quantity. As you might imagine, Avogadro’s number would not be convenient for ...
Chemically prepared magnetic nanoparticles
... Nanoparticles are typically defined as solids less than 100 nm in all three dimensions. Most often they are particles made to be spherical having diameters on the order of 10 nm or less. At these length scales, a large fraction of the atoms of the particle are at or near the surface providing them w ...
... Nanoparticles are typically defined as solids less than 100 nm in all three dimensions. Most often they are particles made to be spherical having diameters on the order of 10 nm or less. At these length scales, a large fraction of the atoms of the particle are at or near the surface providing them w ...
atomistic modelling of nanogranular magnetic materials
... magnetism at the atomistic level. In this thesis current state of the art modelling methods are developed and applied to a variety of physical problems in order to better understand the origins and limitations of magnetic materials at the nanoscale. The dependence of the Curie temperature and magnet ...
... magnetism at the atomistic level. In this thesis current state of the art modelling methods are developed and applied to a variety of physical problems in order to better understand the origins and limitations of magnetic materials at the nanoscale. The dependence of the Curie temperature and magnet ...
Rydberg-Stark deceleration of atoms and
... diffuse Rydberg orbital from a ground state atom or molecule. These bound molecular states have so far only been observed upon photoassociation in samples of laser cooled atoms [see Fig. 3(c)], however, it can be expected that they should also play a role in very-low–energy atomic or molecular scatt ...
... diffuse Rydberg orbital from a ground state atom or molecule. These bound molecular states have so far only been observed upon photoassociation in samples of laser cooled atoms [see Fig. 3(c)], however, it can be expected that they should also play a role in very-low–energy atomic or molecular scatt ...
ATOMISTIC INTERACTIONS IN STM ATOM MANIPULATION A
... A cluster of silver atoms was created by a controlled tip-sample contact. Single atoms were extracted from the cluster by using STM tip induced lateral manipulation. To investigate the mechanism of extraction in detail, atom extraction was carried out for different values of manipulation voltage and ...
... A cluster of silver atoms was created by a controlled tip-sample contact. Single atoms were extracted from the cluster by using STM tip induced lateral manipulation. To investigate the mechanism of extraction in detail, atom extraction was carried out for different values of manipulation voltage and ...
diffuse-interface field approach to modeling self
... (a) Schematic of a capillary bridge between two solid spheres. (b) The Laplace pressure (negative) inside a capillary bridge is a monotonically increasing function of capillary bridge volume V cb . (c) Analogy between Laplace pressure stabilizing meniscus size through inter-liquid diffusion (bottom) ...
... (a) Schematic of a capillary bridge between two solid spheres. (b) The Laplace pressure (negative) inside a capillary bridge is a monotonically increasing function of capillary bridge volume V cb . (c) Analogy between Laplace pressure stabilizing meniscus size through inter-liquid diffusion (bottom) ...
Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder
... percent change is shown in figure 3. The crystallite size had changed substantially showing both increase as well as decrease, indicating heavy plastic deformation. The latter is not possible as the crystal structure remained the same. The existence of severe lattice strain is evidenced by the chang ...
... percent change is shown in figure 3. The crystallite size had changed substantially showing both increase as well as decrease, indicating heavy plastic deformation. The latter is not possible as the crystal structure remained the same. The existence of severe lattice strain is evidenced by the chang ...
The study of the pre-exponential factor and activation energy in
... 1. Electrical conductivity of composites Generally speaking, composites are multiphase materials whose components are mechanically separable and which exhibit properties unattainable in any of the constituent phases [1]. The electrical properties of composite material are controlled through the mate ...
... 1. Electrical conductivity of composites Generally speaking, composites are multiphase materials whose components are mechanically separable and which exhibit properties unattainable in any of the constituent phases [1]. The electrical properties of composite material are controlled through the mate ...
Fracture of granular materials composed of arbitrary grain
... treated separately from geometrical contacts, this allows to apply cohesive forces even if particles are not touching each other, whatever their shape, with the aim of describing a cohesive paste between them. In the present work, the cohesive paste is represented by two cohesive interactions in 2D ...
... treated separately from geometrical contacts, this allows to apply cohesive forces even if particles are not touching each other, whatever their shape, with the aim of describing a cohesive paste between them. In the present work, the cohesive paste is represented by two cohesive interactions in 2D ...
PDF file - Comp Chem - University of Minnesota Twin Cities
... limit where all extensive variables tend to innity, but it can also be viewed as a continuum where atomic-scale structure need not be considered.12 Inversely, when one is not in the thermodynamic limit, atomic-scale structure is very important. For macroscopic systems, the overwhelming majority of ...
... limit where all extensive variables tend to innity, but it can also be viewed as a continuum where atomic-scale structure need not be considered.12 Inversely, when one is not in the thermodynamic limit, atomic-scale structure is very important. For macroscopic systems, the overwhelming majority of ...
Synthesis, crystal structure and vibrational spectra
... ionocovalent character of the Ag+–O bonds. In the same way, much works about other families of condensed phosphates with general formula MIMIII(PO3)4 (where MI is an alkali cation, Ag [5] and [6]) and MIII is a rareearth trivalent cation [7], [8], [9] and [10], Bi [11] and [12] or Y [13] and [14] we ...
... ionocovalent character of the Ag+–O bonds. In the same way, much works about other families of condensed phosphates with general formula MIMIII(PO3)4 (where MI is an alkali cation, Ag [5] and [6]) and MIII is a rareearth trivalent cation [7], [8], [9] and [10], Bi [11] and [12] or Y [13] and [14] we ...
Advanced Study of Switchable Spin Crossover Compounds Gavin Craig
... ~0.2 Å). The vertical displacement is the difference in the zero-point energies of the two configurations, such that if it is of the order of kBT thermal SCO may be observed. At low temperatures, there will be a majority population of the LS state, with the HS being increasingly formed at higher tem ...
... ~0.2 Å). The vertical displacement is the difference in the zero-point energies of the two configurations, such that if it is of the order of kBT thermal SCO may be observed. At low temperatures, there will be a majority population of the LS state, with the HS being increasingly formed at higher tem ...
Bose–Einstein condensate
A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (that is, very near 5000000000000000000♠0 K or 5000000000000000000♠−273.15 °C). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point macroscopic quantum phenomena become apparent.This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–25 by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein.