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COVALENT BOND BOND FORMED BY THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS COVALENT BOND Between nonmetallic elements Formed by sharing electron pairs Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics are all covalent bonds NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE SHARED EQUALLY H2 or Cl2 2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom Oxygen Molecule (O2) POLAR COVALENT BONDS WHEN ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BUT SHARED UNEQUALLY H2 O Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share. - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen. ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules made of Carbon and most often Hydrogen (called hydrocarbons) Carbon forms 4 bonds Alkanes have single bonds only Examples are propane & methane If arranged in a single row then called normal Alkanes can also branch or form rings Alkane chemical formulas follow a pattern The # of hydrogens =the # of carbons x 2 +2 Alkenes have at least 1 double bond ex- ethene Alkynes have at least 1 triple bond Alcohols have an –OH group Polymers are large molecules that have repeating subunits ex- cells of body, rubber, wood and plastic milk jugs