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Objectives describe how genes influence the development of traits describe patterns of inheritance describe monohybrid and dihybrid crosses explain how heredity can be illustrated mathematically Terminology Genetics Genotype Heredity Phenotype Hybridzation Heterozygous Monohybrid cross homozygous Dihybrid cross Gamete alelle Mendel Known as the father of modern genetics Different forms of the same gene account for variations in genetics An organism inherits two genes for a given trait, one from each parent Some alleles are dominant over others The two genes of a given trait segregate during the production of the gamete Mendel Punnett Squares can be used to predict the outcome of a cross. Write out the genotypes of the organisms Designate letters to represent the traits you are tracing Capital letters represent dominant traits Lower case letters represent recessive trait. Mendel Punnett Squares can be used to predict the outcome of a cross. Complete dominance Monoybrid cross Practice Purple flowers are dominant; white is recessive Purple flowered plant x white flowered plant Practice When homogeneous tall pea plants (TT) are crossed with homogeneous short pea plants (tt), ____ of the F1 plants and ____ of the F2 plants were tall. Practice A heterozygous black-eyed male mouse is crossed with a homozygous recessive red-eyed female mouse. Use a Punnett square to predict the probability of the possible offspring phenotypes. (Use B for the dominant allele and b for the recessive allele.) Practice In humans, the allele for free earlobes (F) is dominant over the allele for attached earlobes (f). If one parent is homozygous dominant for free earlobes and the other has attached earlobes, can they produce any children with attached earlobes? Dihybrid cross Imagine that a given species has a gene for hair color (B = dominant brown, b= recessive white) and a gene that controls hair length (S= dominant short, s= recessive long). Complete the dihybrid cross between parents with the genotypes: BBSS and BbSs. Then list the genotypes and phenotypes of the possible offspring that can be produced. Incomplete dominance Neither trait is completely dominant Heterozygous produces a blended trait Ex red and white flowers; heterozygous=pink flowers Multiple alleles Codominance Polygenic traits Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles More than one allele code for a given trait Blood type IA, IB and I Codominance Polygenic traits Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Codominance Both alleles are dominant Results in both traits being present ( black and white feathers) Polygenic traits Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Codominance Polygenic traits Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Codominance Polygenic traits Controlled by two or more genes. Hair color and eye color Sex Linked traits Carried on the sex chromosomes (X or Y) Colorblindness hemophilia Pedigree Traces the inheritance of a genetic trait through several generations