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Transcript
The Renaissance 1450 -1600 The Early Renaissance 1400s – 1490s Where did the Renaissance begin? Why did it begin there? What were the driving factors behind the Renaissance? The Italian City-States What is a City-State? The Italian City-States What were the advantages? The Italian City-States What were the disadvantages? The Italian City-States Florence and Milan were ruled by rival families, the Medici’s and the Sforza Family respectively. The Italian City-States Venice was a Republic, ruled by a Senate which elected a Doge to head the government. The Doge remained in power for life but the position was not hereditary. The Italian City-States The Papal states were run by the Pope elected by the Bishops for life. The power of which was diminishing as the Renaissance ideas of humanism and secularism were expanding. Western Schism Florence, Italy The Cultural Center of Europe in the Early Renaissance Art Commerce Banking The Social Structure POPULO GROSSO: “fat people” – 5% of the population – elite/nobles, wealthy merchants, and manufacturers. MEDIOCI: middle – smaller merchants and master artisans. SKILLED WORKERS POPULO MINUTO: “little people” – bulk of the urban population. UNSKILLED WORKERS The Social Structure There was some social mobility – Why? The Medici Family Cosimo de’ Medici Cosimo established the Medici Bank and Piero de’Medici Carlo di Cosimo de’Medici “unofficially” ruled Giuliano Florence Lorenzo from 1434-1464 “The de’Medici de’Medici Catherine Magnificent” He was a patron of the Piero lost control of Lorenzo de’Medici married Henryhumanities of and supporter Florence in 1492. He Piero’s son was known as The Giulio de’Medici Giovanni de’Medici Navarre and became Piero of Bunelleschi and [Pope Leo X] [Pope ClementHe VII]was de’Medici Lorenzo gained died in exile Magnifient. the Queen of France control of others Florence among also a patron of Donatello back and ruled at humanities and Lorenzo the height of the supported Botticello, de’Medici Medici’s power over Florence da Vinci, and Michelangelo Catherine de’Medici [Queen of France] The Medici Family Wealthy Banking Family – provided stability Banished rival clans Manipulated electoral process Cosimo’s Grandson – survived an assassination attempt – hours later enemies of the family were hanging upside down from a government building – including the archbishop of Pisa Botticello was commissioned to paint them as they swung. The Beginning of the Modern Banking System The Medici’s set up the first modern banking system with branches in England and Bruges as well as throughout the Italian peninsula The Gold Florin became the standard currency in European trade WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF BANKING? WHAT ARE THE RISKS? HUMANISM A transition from the scholasticism of the Middle Ages Revival of Greek and Roman beliefs Appreciation of physical beauty Emphasis on man’s own achievements Secularism PETRARCH – considered the first humanist Science and Technology Influenced by Humanism which encouraged curiosity and questioning of accepted beliefs Experimentation and observation Define and understand the laws of nature and the physical world. THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 1400-1490s Patronage of the Medici family made: Florence the center of the Early Renaissance Allowed artists to become successful celebrities Brunelleschi 1446-1461 8 sided dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral The symbol of Florence Brunelleschi Devised a way to draw and paint using linear perspective “chiaroscuro” – the illusion of 3D Donatello David, de Donatello 1430 – commissioned by Cosimo de Medici Humanism – first free standing nude statue since ancient times Civic-humanism Titian & Giorgione Developed method of painting with oil directly on canvas Allowed artists to reword an image which they couldn’t do with fresco painting Transitioning into the Northern Renaissance DESIDERIUS ERASMUS Erasmus of Rotterdam promoted religious toleration wanted the Church to reform The High Renaissance 1490s – 1527 Rome replaced Florence as the center of culture Pope Leo X – he was the son of Lorenzo de Medici Michelangelo David 1501- 1504– became the symbol of Florence Dominant sculptor of the Renaissance Humanism – reflected the ideals of the Greek Gods Michelangelo Pieta, 1498 - 1499 Michelangelo The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1508 - 1512 Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa, 1503-1506 “Renaissance Man” Artist Scientist Architect Philosopher Engineer Leonardo da Vinci The Virgin of the Rocks, 1483 Unparalleled ability to portray light and shadow And to portray the physical relationship between figures and the landscape Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper, 1494 - 1498 Raphael The School of Athens, 15091511 Learned from Michelangelo and da Vinci Humanism – expressed classical ideals of beauty, serenity and harmony Northern Renaissance Northern “Christian” Humanism – applied the Classical beliefs and ideals to the traditional understandings of the gospel. Art was more detailed and more focused on color than in the Italian Renaissance Sir Thomas More - Utopia Jan Van Eyck Arnolfini Portrait – 1434 Netherlands Techniques allowed for deeper and more vibrant color Considered one of the first painting of “everyday life” Albrecht Durer Self Portrait, 1500 Germany Hans Holbein the Younger Portrait of Henry VIII, 1536 German Became the Court Painter for Henry VIII Humanist Pieter Bruegel, the Elder The Peasant Wedding, 1567 Flemish (Belgian) Transitions of the Renaissance