* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chemical Reactions
Isotopic labeling wikipedia , lookup
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Chemical plant wikipedia , lookup
Water splitting wikipedia , lookup
Enantioselective synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Chemical industry wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear fusion wikipedia , lookup
Radical (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Computational chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Safety data sheet wikipedia , lookup
Inorganic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Chemical potential wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear chemistry wikipedia , lookup
California Green Chemistry Initiative wikipedia , lookup
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 wikipedia , lookup
Organic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Resonance (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Multi-state modeling of biomolecules wikipedia , lookup
Asymmetric induction wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Drug discovery wikipedia , lookup
Rate equation wikipedia , lookup
History of molecular theory wikipedia , lookup
Strychnine total synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals wikipedia , lookup
Supramolecular catalysis wikipedia , lookup
Process chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Chemical equilibrium wikipedia , lookup
Extended periodic table wikipedia , lookup
Photoredox catalysis wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry: A Volatile History wikipedia , lookup
Atomic theory wikipedia , lookup
Hydrogen-bond catalysis wikipedia , lookup
Electrochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Marcus theory wikipedia , lookup
History of chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Lewis acid catalysis wikipedia , lookup
Physical organic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
George S. Hammond wikipedia , lookup
Click chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Bioorthogonal chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Chemical reaction wikipedia , lookup
Transition state theory wikipedia , lookup
Chemical Reactions Test on Friday April 19 Chemical Reaction • Chemical Reaction – a change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances • Reactants – substances that react • Products – substances that are produced Reactants Products Conservation of Mass • Total mass of reactants is always equal to the total mass of products – Antoine Lavoisier • Matter is not created or destroyed; it is conserved. • Law of Conservation of Mass 10 grams HgO = 0.7 grams O + 9.3 grams Hg Father of Modern Chemistry • Lavoisier is known as the Father of Modern Chemistry for this work along with the work he did on types of reactions • Wrote a book called “Elements of Chemistry” in 1790 • He developed the nomenclature we use today to describe chemical compounds and reactions. Chemical Equations • A way to describe a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and other symbols. • produces or forms • + plus • (s) solid (l) liquid (g) gas (aq) aqueous Coefficients • Coefficients – the numbers in front of the chemical formulas that represent the number of units of each substance taking part in a reaction. • Must be whole numbers • Act like a multiplier and apply to the entire formula • Subscripts – small numbers that tell how many atoms a particular molecule has Sample Equations • 2Hg + Br2 → Hg2Br2 • Hg2Br2 + 2Cl2 → 2HgCl2 + Br2 • 2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O Balanced Chemical Equations • An equation is balanced if it has the same number of atoms on each side of the equation. • This is due to the Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Steps to Balancing • Write a chemical equation if you don’t already have one. – Remember Oxygen, Chlorine and Hydrogen are diatomic. • Count the atoms on each side. • Choose coefficients that multiply to balance the equation. • Recheck the numbers. Types of Reactions • There are 5 types of reactions: – Combustion – Synthesis – Decomposition – Single Displacement – Double Displacement Combustion Reactions • When a substance reacts with oxygen to produce energy in the form of heat and light (fire) • Only includes the elements: C, H, and O • Always produces CO2 and H2O CxHx + O2 CO2 + H2O Synthesis Reactions • Two or more substances (elements) combine to form one substance (molecule) • Easily found because there is only one product Element + Element Molecule Decomposition Reaction • One substance (molecule) breaks down into multiple substances (elements) • Easily found because there is only one reactant. Molecule Element + Element Single Displacement • An element reacts with a molecule. One of the elements in the molecule recombines with the original element. • The reactants and products are both one element and one molecule. A + BC AC + B “unhappy breakup” Double Displacement • The positive ions switch places to form two new compounds. • The reactants and products are always two molecules. AD + BC AC + BD “happy breakup” Activity Series • The Activity Series is a chart that tells which metals will replace other metals in a reaction. Vocabulary • Precipitate – insoluble compound that comes out of a solution • Oxidation – loss of electrons • Reduction – gain of electrons Chemical Reactions and Energy • All chemical reactions either absorb or release energy • Breaking bonds requires energy • Forming bonds releases energy • Energy can take the form of light, heat, sound, or electricity. Exergonic • Reactions that release energy are called Exergonic • When that energy is given off as heat its called Exothermic – You can feel the reaction get warmer. Endergonic • Reactions that absorb energy are called Endergonic. • When that energy is in the form of heat its called Endothermic. – You can feel the reaction get colder. Catalysts and Inhibitors • A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction. • An inhibitor is a substance used to slow down a reaction or prevent it completely. • The catalyst and the inhibitor do not participate in the reaction. They remain unchanged after the reaction is over.