Download Organic Chemistry

 Covalently
bonded compounds containing
carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

Na2CO3, CO, CO2 are inorganic
Label the following compounds as organic or
inorganic…
H2O
C6H12O6
CO2
CaCO3
C5H10
 Compounds
composed of only carbon and
hydrogen

Simplest type of organic compounds
 Carbon

always forms 4 covalent bonds
Electrons are shared
 Hydrocarbons

Symmetrically shaped
 Insoluble

are nonpolar molecules
in water
Like dissolves like
 Non-electrolytes
 Low

melting points and boiling points
Due to weak Van der Waal’s forces
 Slow
reaction rates
 Strength
of Van der Waal’s forces increases
 Melting and Boiling Points increases
 Which
has the highest melting point?
1.
Alkanes
-Saturated hydrocarbons (contain only single
bonds)
-General formula CnH2n+2
-Names all end in –ane
2. Alkenes
-unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain 1
double bond
-general formula CnH2n
- names all end in –ene
-diene contains 2 double bonds
3. Alkynes
-unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain 1
triple bond
-general formula CnH2n-2
-names all end in -yne
Look at Table Q
4. Benzene
-cyclic (aromatic) family of hydrocarbons
- general formula CnH2n-6
 Aliphatic
hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons which
do not contain a benzene ring
 Aromatic hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons which
do contain a benzene ring
 Label
the following as aliphatic or aromatic…
Pentane
Parent
Chain
1.
1 2 3 4 5
Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon
atoms and determine its name (Table P)
2. Add ending according to type of bonds (Table Q)
3. Number the carbon atoms in the chain beginning at
the end closest to a branch
4. Name the hydrocarbon groups attached to the
longest chain by adding –yl to the stem name.
Akyl Indicate the point of attachment by the number of
Groups
the carbon atoms to which the group is attached
Number carbons
on parent chain so
that the alkyl
group has the
lowest number
If 2 or more of the
same alkyl groups are
present, use prefixes
di, tri, tetra,…
Arrange alkyl
groups in ABC
order
For double
and triple
bonds, give
location of
such bond
 Octane
 Pentyne
 Ethane
 Butene
 1,
3- butadiene
 Alkanes
in which the carbon atoms are
arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure
CH3
 Molecular
formulas show the number of
atoms in a single molecule
 Structural formulas show how the atoms are
grouped in the molecule
 Displayed formulas show all the atoms and
all the bonds
 Compounds
with the same molecular
formulas but a different structural formula
 Structural
Isomers have different molecular
skeletons because the carbon chain is
different
 Geometric
Isomers are composed of the same
atoms bonded in the same order but with a
different arrangement of atoms around a
double bond
 Positional
Isomers form when another
elements, such as oxygen or nitrogen, may
occupy 2 or more positions in the molecule
 Functional
Isomers form when another
element, such as oxygen or nitrogen, may
bond in two or more different ways
 Is
an atom or group of atoms that is
responsible for the specific properties of an
organic compound (Table R)
 For


most of these functional groups…..
Name organic compound regularly
Drop –e and add appropriate ending
 Organic
compound containing one or more
hydroxyl group (-OH)
 Present in lipstick, lotion, and sometimes in
alternative fuel sources
 Not basic
 Slightly polar
 Name ends in -ol
1
–OH group

Primary- OH is attached to a carbon bonded to 1
other carbon

Secondary- OH is attached to a carbon bonded to
2 other carbons

Tertiary- OH is attached to a carbon bonded to 3
other carbons
 Dihydroxy


2 –OH groups
End in -diol
 Trihydroxy


alcohols
alcohols
3 –OH groups
End in -triol
 Organic
compounds in which one or more
halogen atoms- chlorine, fluorine, bromine,
iodine
 Use prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
 Organic
compounds in which the
carbonyl group is attached to a
carbon atom at the end of a chain
 Name ends in -al
 Organic
compounds in which the carbonyl
group is attached to carbon atoms within the
chain
 Ends in -one
 Organic
compounds that contain the carboxyl
functional group
 Weak acids
 End in –oic acid
 Organic
compounds in which 2 hydrocarbon
groups are bonded to the same atom of
oxygen
 Name as alkyl groups in ABC order followed
by ether
CH3-O-CH2-CH3
CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
If groups on both sides are the same, use
prefix di-
 Organic
compounds that have carboxylic acid
groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl
group has been replaced by an alkyl group
 Name alkyl group closest to oxygen then
name other alkyl group with –oate ending
O
CH3C-O-C7H14CH3
 Organic
compounds that can be considered a
derivation of ammonia (NH3)
 Weak bases
 Name ends in –amine
 Primary
amines: nitrogen atom bonded to
one alkyl group and two hydrogen atoms
 Secondary amines: nitrogen atom bonded to
two alkyl groups and one hydrogen atom
 Tertiary amines: nitrogen atom bonded to
three alkyl groups and no hydrogen atoms
 Organic
compound in which a carbonyl group
is linked to a nitrogen atom
 Weak bases
 Names end in -amide
 Substitution
 Addition
 Esterification
 Fermentation
 Combustion
 Polymerization
 Saponification
 Replacing
hydrogen on a saturated
hydrocarbon with a halogen
HCl
 Adding
hydrogens or halogens to unsaturated
hydrocarbons by breaking the double or
triple bonds
 Making
ethanol
Yeast
 Burning
hydrocarbons
 Connecting
together many repeating units
 Hydrolysis
of fat by a base