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Organic
Chemistry
Chapter 22
Organic Chemistry
Organic compounds:
covalently bonded compounds
containing carbon, excluding carbonates
and oxides
All organic compounds contain carbon
atoms, but not all carbon-containing
compounds are classified
as organic.
 examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are
considered inorganic.
Common Elements in Organic
Compounds
Organic Prefixes
Number of Carbons
Prefix
1
Meth-
2
Eth-
3
Prop-
4
But-
5
Pent-
6
Hex-
7
Hept-
8
Oct-
9
Non-
10
Dec-
Alkanes
 All
single covalent bonds
 saturated hydrocarbons because they contain
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that
can bond with the number of carbon atoms in
the molecule
 General
Formula =
CnH2n+2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
methane
ethane
propane
Properties of Carbon Chains
 The
smallest alkanes are gases, the largest
are solids.
 The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the
higher the boiling point.
Why do you think this is? (What effects boiling
point?)
Which has the highest boiling pt?
BP= 59oC
Why?
BP= 151oC
Longer chain, more dispersion forces,
stronger intermolecular force, higher
boiling point
Cycloalkanes
 Alkanes
whose carbon atoms are joined in rings
Alkenes
 Have
at least one carbon-to-carbon
double bond
 Are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons
because they contain the at least one
double bond preventing the carbons to
be completely saturated with hydrogen
atoms.
 General
Formula =
C2H4
ethene
CnH2n
C3H6
propene
Alkynes
 Have
at least one carbon-to-carbon triple
bond
 unsaturated hydrocarbons because they
contain the at least one triple bond
preventing the carbons to be completely
saturated with hydrogen atoms.
 General
Formula =
CnH2n-2
C2H2
C3H4
ethyne
propyne
NAME
Pentane
FORMULA
C5H12
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
CONDENSED
FORMULA
BRANCHED
FORMULA
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
C7H16
Isomers
Structural isomers:
molecules that have the same
molecular formula but different
structures
EXAMPLE:
Both molecules below have the formula of C4H10
What are the structural isomers of pentane, C5H12 ?
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3 H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3 H
C
C
H
CH3 H
C
H
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
An
atom or group of atoms that
usually contain oxygen and are
bonded to a hydrocarbon chain
Each group exhibits specific
chemical characteristics.
The hydrocarbon is indicated by
the letter “R”.
Alcohols
 Molecule
with an –OH group attached to a
carbon atom
 General
formula:
 Examples:
R-OH
Common products that contain
alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Cough Medicine
Hair Gel
ETHER
 Contains
1 oxygen atom
 One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon
chains, one on each end
 General formula:
Example:
Dimethyl Ether
Common products that contain
ethers
Some Cosmetics
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for
bread and cookies
CARBOXYLIC ACID
 Contains
2 oxygen atoms
 One oxygen atom is double bonded to a
carbon atom and a second oxygen is single
bonded to the same carbon atom
 General formula:
Example:
Ethanoic acid
C
Carboxylic Acids
 General
Formula = R-COOH
Common products that contain
carboxylic acids
Coconut
Some Fruits
Vinegar
ESTER
 Contains
2 oxygen atoms
 One oxygen atom is double bonded to a
carbon atom and a second oxygen is single
bonded to the same carbon atom
 General formula:
Example:
Methyl ethanoate
C
Common products that contain
esters
Bananas
Oranges
Flowers
Ester Smell Kit
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Hyacinth
Roses
Mushroom
Vinegar
Orange
Spearmint
Caraway
Wintergreen
Cinnamon
Germaniums
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
Peppermint
Vanilla
Banana
Pear
Strawberry
Licorice
Coconut
Peach
Jasmine
Violets