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FA 105 Music Chapter 7 Elements of Music Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics 1. A Musical Sentence 2. A Meaningful Timbre Sequence of individual pitches Texture Form Elements of Music Names Given to Notes Melody • Western Tradition • ABCDEFGA • Western Tradition • Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Ti Do • Music of India • Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa Elements of Music Melody Pythagoras Experimented with string Touched in the middle – vibrated twice as fast Touched in different proportions gave different pitches Established a series of notes based on mathematical proportions which became the basis for our modern scale http://aboutscotland.co.uk/harmony/prop.html Elements of Music Melody All seven notes in an octave creates a scale Scales are the building block for all melodies When played from C to C (labeled as a “major scale”), all of the notes are not the same distance or interval apart. ½ Step C D E F ½ Step G A B C Elements of Music Melody Musical Notation Over the years, composers have developed a way to indicate intended pitches. Music Staff – 5 lines and 4 spaces used to display notation Lower pitches (slower vibrations) are indicated toward the bottom of the staff. Higher pitches are indicated toward the top. Higher Pitches Lower pitches Elements of Music Melody Leger Lines extend the staff Elements of Music Melody Melody can be Short and simple Long and elaborate A theme or motif Conjunct Disjunct Elements of Music Melody Melodic Contour The direction and “shape” of the melody. Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm The organization of sound in time. Harmony Morning Routine Dynamics Heartbeat Planning Trips Breathing Timbre Wear a Watch Ebb & Flow of Tides Spend time sleeping! TextureCycle of the Moon Eat at certain intevals of time Cycle of the Sun Form Elements of Music Rhythm Rhythm concepts Beat – The pulse of the music Can be very strong or very subtle Tap foot or clap hands to the beat Meter – pattern of rhythmic emphasis Originally organized similar to “poetic feet” in English Iamb Dactyl Trochee Spondee Anapest Duple Meter Triple Meter 2 4 4 4 3 4 Elements of Music Rhythm Note Values – shape of the note implies relative amount of time for sound Based on Fractions – Whole note…divide by 2 = half note…divide by 2 = quarter note…etc. Elements of Music Rhythm Tempo – the Speed of the Music Might remain constant…might change Some words associated with Tempo Allegro – fast Adagio – slow Andante – walking tempo Vivace – very fast Syncopation – Emphasis on “weak” beats or “off-beat.” Example of Syncopation Listening My Arts Lab Examples Test Seven Nocturne No. 2 (in E-flat Major, Op. 9) Chopin Meditation From Thais Massenet Symphony No. 9 (in D Minor) Ode to Joy Beethoven Adagio in G Minor (for Strings) Giazotto My Arts Lab #1 – -Animated Notation as needed -Closer Look – Chamber Ensemble -Closer Look – Mega-Orchestra #2 – -Videos – How an Orchestra Works: Brass -How an Orchestra Works: Strings -How an Orchestra Works: Woodwinds Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony •Harmony–Harmony notes sounding at the same time Dynamics •A chord is two or more notes Timbre sounded together Texture •A triad is a Form chord of 3 notes that are an interval of a third apart Elements of Music Harmony Triads G E C C E G C A F F A C D B G G B D Elements of Music Harmony Music does not always have harmony Medieval Era – church did not allow use of harmony or rhythm…only melody Melodies added on top of original – harmony resulted Functional harmony – priority of certain chords Tonic chord – triad built on tonic note Elements of Music Harmony Harmony can be defined as Consonant – “pleasing” Dissonant – “harsh” Harmonic Cadence – same idea as a melodic cadence, that is, a point of rest or relaxation; a musical “punctuation mark” Our culture (and our favorite music) has harmonic expectations Branch out to other music Find similarities and differences Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony •Texture –Similar to art, texture is the “thickness” of the music, Dynamics or how many layers exist in the Timbre music. Texture Texture Form Elements of Music Texture Jump to illustration Monophonic – consists of a single melody, no harmony Homophonic – two types A single melody accompanied by harmony Although there is one melody, all other voices move together, as in a hymn Polyphonic – two or more equally important melodies played at the same time. Elements of Music Texture Monophonic – a single line Back Elements of Music Texture Homophonic – First type, melody with accompaniment. Elements of Music Texture Melody Accompaniment Homophonic – Second type, hymn like; all voices move together, one has melody. Back Elements of Music Texture Polyphonic – Two or more equal melodies occurring at the same time. Elements of Music Texture Examples of Texture Monophonic Homophonic Polyphonic Hallelujah Chorus – All three occur somewhere in the piece Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Dynamics – Relative loudness of Harmony the music Dynamics Dynamics – Music can be loud Timbre – Music can be soft Texture – Music can grow louder Form – Music can diminish Link to Website Elements of Music Dynamics Elements of Music Dynamics Different levels of loudness Pianissimo – Very soft Piano – Soft Mezzo Piano – Medium soft Mezzo Forte – Medium loud Forte – Loud Fortissimo – Very loud Elements of Music Dynamics Music can also grow louder or softer. Crescendo – grow louder or cresc. Decrescendo – grow softer or decresc. Diminuendo – diminish, grow softer dim. Elements of Music Dynamics Loudness is measured in decibels (dB). Source Intensity Level Source Intensity Level Threshold of Hearing 0 dB Lawnmower 90 dB Rustling Leaves 10 dB Large Orchestra 98 dB Water Dripping 20 dB Snowmobile, Chainsaw 100 dB Whisper 30 dB Walkman at Maximum Level 100 dB Quiet Radio in Room 40 dB Front Rows of Rock Concert 110 dB Moderate Rainfall 50 dB Jet Plane Takeoff 120 dB Conversation, Dishwasher 60 dB Threshold of Pain 130 dB Busy Street Traffic 70 dB Military Jet Takeoff 140 dB Vacuum Cleaner, Alarm Clock 80 dB Instant Perforation of Eardrum 160 dB Elements of Music Dynamics Loudness is measured in decibels (dB). •A typical conversation occurs at 60 dB - not loud enough to cause damage. •A bulldozer that is idling (note that this is idling, not actively bulldozing) is loud enough at 85 dB that it can cause permanent damage after only 1 work day (8 hours). •When listening to music on earphones at a standard volume level 5, the sound generated reaches a level of 100 dB, loud enough to cause permanent damage after just 15 minutes per day! •A clap of thunder from a nearby storm (120 dB) or a gunshot (140-190 dB, depending on weapon), can both cause immediate damage. Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Timbre is that quality which distinguishes Dynamics one instrument or voice from another. identify Timbre Timbrethe difference between a If we can Texture flute, anoboe, and a trumpet all playing the samenote, Formthat is distinguishing different timbres. Elements of Music Timbre Voice Parts 1st level – 2nd level women (high) or men (low) Women – Soprano (high) or Alto (low) Men – Tenor (high) or Bass (low) 3rd level Soprano – Mezzo Soprano, Lyric Soprano, Coloratura, Dramatic Soprano, Spinto Soprano Alto – Alto, Contralto Tenor – Lyric Tenor, Countertenor, Dramatic Tenor Bass – Baritone, Basso Profundo, Bass-baritone, Basso Cantante Elements of Music Timbre Aerophones Sound produced by vibrating an air column Chordophones Sound produced by vibrating a string Sound produced by vibration of a Membranophones stretched membrane Sound produced by the vibration of the Idiophones body of the instrument Sound produced by oscillating Electrophones electrical circuit Elements of Music Timbre Aerophones Woodwinds, Brass, Pipe Organ Chordophones Strings, Piano, Harp, Guitar, Banjo Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani, Membranophones Congas, Bongos Bells, Xylophone, Marimba, Cymbals, Idiophones Triangle, Temple Blocks Synthesizer, MIDI Guitar, MIDI Electrophones Drums, MIDI Wind Controler Elements of Music Timbre Strings – Orchestra – Violin, Viola, Cello, Bass (Double Bass) Piano, Harp Band – Sometimes Piano, Harp Rock Bands – Guitar, Bass, Piano Country Bands – Guitar, Steel Guitar, Bass, Banjo, Mandolin Elements of Music Timbre Woodwinds Orchestra – Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English horn, Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Bassoon, Contrabassoon Band – Same, plus Alto, Tenor, and Bari Saxophone Jazz Band – Saxophones, doubles of flute, clarinet, etc. Popular Music - Saxophones Elements of Music Timbre Brass Orchestra – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Tuba Band – Trumpet, Horn, Trombone, Euphonium (Baritone), Tuba Marching Band – Some specialized brass – Mellophone, Sousaphone, Marching Euphonium Jazz Band – Trumpet, Trombone, Flugelhorn Popular – Trumpet, Trombone Elements of Music Timbre Percussion Orchestra – Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Timpani, Xylophone, Marimba, Orchestra Bells, Celesta, Chimes, Cymbals, Triangle, Cabasa, Guiro, Slap Stick, Wind Machine, Marching Machine, etc, etc, etc! Band – Same Jazz Band – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin Instruments Marching Band – Marching Snare, Quints (Quads, Trios), Tonal Bass Drums, plus all above Popular – Drum Set, Auxiliary instruments, Latin Instruments Elements of Music Timbre Orchestra Jazz Band Concert Band Elements of Music Timbre Chamber Groups – Small groups of instruments Standard Chamber Groups Woodwind Quintet – Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Horn, Bassoon Brass Quintet – 2 Trumpets, Horn, Trombone, Tuba String Quartet – 2 Violins, Viola, Cello Many others – Clarinet Choir, Brass Choir, Bassoon Quartet, Trumpet Choir, Horn Choir, etc. Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Harmony Dynamics Timbre Texture Form Elements of Music Melody Rhythm Form isHarmony how the music is put together Dynamics Three concepts of form Timbre Repetition Texture Contrast Form Form Variation Elements of Music Form To indicate the form, musicians use letters Capital letters for large sections (ABCDE) Lower case letters for small sections (abcde) Superscript to indicate similar music (A’ or A1) Example: 3 large sections, the first and third are the same music, the second is different ABA Example: 5 large sections, the first, third, and fifth are the same music, second and fourth are different ABACA Elements of Music Form Three concepts of Form Repetition – repeat previous music AA Contrast – different from previous music AB Variation – similar to previous music AA’ All music can be described with one of these three terms